do

From Middle English don, from Old English dōn, from Proto-West Germanic *dōn, from Proto-Germanic *dōną, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁- (“to put, place, do, make”).

For senses 4 and 5, compare Old Norse duga, whence Danish du.

The past tense form is from Middle English didde, dude, from Old English dyde, *diede, an unexpected development from Proto-Germanic *dedǭ/*dedē (the expected reflex would be *ded), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰédʰeh₁ti, an athematic e-reduplicated verb of the same root *dʰeh₁-.

The meaningless use of do in interrogative, negative, and affirmative sentences (e.g. "Do you like painting?" "Yes, I do"), existing in some form in most Germanic languages,[1] is thought by some linguists to be one of the Brittonicisms in English, calqued from Brythonic.[2] It is first recorded in Middle English, where it may have marked the perfective aspect, though in some cases the meaning seems to be imperfective. In Early Modern English, any meaning in such contexts was lost, making it a dummy auxiliary, and soon thereafter its use became mandatory in most questions and negations.

Doublets include deed, deem, -dom, but not deal.

Other cognates include, via Latin, English feast, festival, fair (“celebration”), via Greek, English theo-, theme, thesis, and Sanskrit दधाति (dadhāti, “to put”), धातृ (dhātṛ, “creator”) and धातु (dhātu, “layer, element, root”).

• (stressed) enPR: do͞o, IPA^(key): /duː/
  • (UK) IPA^(key): /duː/

    • Audio (Southern England)

      (file)

  • (US, Canada) IPA^(key): /du/

    • Audio (US)

      (file)

  • (General Australian, New Zealand) IPA^(key): /dʉː/

    • Audio (AU)

      (file)

• (unstressed, before a consonant) IPA^(key): /də/

  • Audio (US)

    (file)

• (unstressed, before a vowel) IPA^(key): /dʊ/
• (colloquial; for some speakers, when "do" is unstressed and the next word starts with /j/) IPA^(key): /d͡ʒ/
• Rhymes: -uː
• Homophones: doo, Doubs, doux
• Homophones: dew, due (in accents with yod-dropping)

do (third-person singular simple present does, present participle doing, simple past did, past participle done)

1. (auxiliary) A syntactic marker.
   1. (auxiliary) A syntactic marker in a question whose main verb is not another auxiliary verb or be.

      Do you go there often?

   2. (auxiliary) A syntactic marker in negations with the indicative and imperative moods.

      I do not go there often.

      Do not listen to him.

      • 1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter IV, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC, page 51:

        “Well,” I answered, at first with uncertainty, then with inspiration, “he would do splendidly to lead your cotillon, if you think of having one.” ¶ “So you do not dance, Mr. Crocker?” ¶ I was somewhat set back by her perspicuity.

   3. (auxiliary) A syntactic marker for emphasis with the indicative, imperative, and subjunctive moods.

      But I do go sometimes.

      Do tell us.

      • 1913, Joseph C[rosby] Lincoln, chapter VII, in Mr. Pratt’s Patients, New York, N.Y., London: D[aniel] Appleton and Company, →OCLC:

        “I don't know how you and the ‘head,’ as you call him, will get on, but I do know that if you call my duds a ‘livery’ again there'll be trouble. It's bad enough to go around togged out like a life saver on a drill day, but I can stand that 'cause I'm paid for it. […] ”

      • 1950, C. S. Lewis, The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe:

        "Do stop it," said Susan; "it won't make things any better having a row between you two. Let's go and find Lucy."

   4. (pro-verb) A syntactic marker that refers back to an earlier verb and allows the speaker to avoid repeating the verb; in most dialects, not used with auxiliaries such as be, though it can be in AAVE.

      I play tennis; she does too.

      They don't think it be like it is, but it do. (nonstandard)

      • 1930, George Gershwin, Ira Gershwin, Embraceable You:

        Don't be a naughty baby,
        Come to papa, come to papa, do!
        My sweet embraceable you.

2. (transitive) To perform; to execute.

   Synonyms: accomplish, carry out, functionate

   If you want something done, do it yourself.

   All you ever do is surf the Internet. What will you do this afternoon?

   • 2013 June 21, Oliver Burkeman, “The tao of tech”, in The Guardian Weekly, volume 189, number 2, page 48:

     The dirty secret of the internet is that all this distraction and interruption is immensely profitable. Web companies like to boast about […], or offering services that let you "stay up to date with what your friends are doing", […] and so on. But the real way to build a successful online business is to be better than your rivals at undermining people's control of their own attention.

3. (obsolete, transitive) To cause, make (someone) (do something).
   • 1490, William Caxton, “Prologue”, in Eneydos (in Middle English); republished as Caxton's Eneydos, London: Early English Text Society, 1890, page 2:

     And also my lorde abbot of westmynster ded do shewe to me late, certayn euydences wryton in olde englysshe […]

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   • 1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book II, Canto VI”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 7, page 258:

     Sometimes to do him laugh, ſhe would aſſay / To laugh at ſhaking off the leaues light, / Or to behold the water worke […]

   • 1591, Ed[mund] Sp[enser], “Prosopopoia. Or Mother Hubberds Tale.”, in Complaints. Containing Sundrie Small Poemes of the Worlds Vanitie. […], London: […] William Ponsonbie, […], →OCLC:

     Emongſt the reſt a wicked maladie / Raign’d emongſt men, that manie did to die, […]

   • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, 2 Corinthians 8:1, column 1:

     MOreouer, brethren, wee do you to wit [i.e. we make you to know] of the grace of God beſtowed on the Churches of Macedonia, […]

4. (intransitive, transitive) To suffice.

   it’s not the best broom, but it will have to do;  this will do me, thanks.

   • 1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter IV, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC, page 51:

     “Well,” I answered, at first with uncertainty, then with inspiration, “he would do splendidly to lead your cotillon, if you think of having one.” ¶ “So you do not dance, Mr. Crocker?” ¶ I was somewhat set back by her perspicuity.

   • 1922, Margery Williams, The Velveteen Rabbit:

     "Here," she said, "take your old Bunny! He'll do to sleep with you!" And she dragged the Rabbit out by one ear, and put him into the Boy's arms.

5. (intransitive) To be reasonable or acceptable.

   It simply will not do to have dozens of children running around such a quiet event.

6. (ditransitive) To have (as an effect).

   The fresh air did him some good.

7. (intransitive) To fare, perform (well or poorly).

   Our relationship isn't doing very well;  how do you do?

   • 2013 July 20, “Welcome to the plastisphere”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8845:

     Plastics are energy-rich substances, which is why many of them burn so readily. Any organism that could unlock and use that energy would do well in the Anthropocene. Terrestrial bacteria and fungi which can manage this trick are already familiar to experts in the field.

   1. (especially England, intransitive) To fare well; to thrive; to prosper; (of livestock) to fatten.
      • 1908 September 21, “The fattening beast”, in Mark Lane Express Agricultural Journal‎, page 340:

        A big framed beast takes a lot of food — expensive food at that [—] to keep it doing […]

      • 1971, George Ewart Evans, quoting ploughman Charles Last (born 1878), Tools of Their Trades: An Oral History of Men at Work c. 1900‎, Taplinger Publishing Company, →ISBN, page 68:

        That farm would go like a rick a-fire. It would do: it would go forward and prosper and make him his money.

8. (transitive, chiefly in questions) To have as one's job.

   What does Bob do? — He's a plumber.

9. To perform the tasks or actions associated with (something).

   Don't forget to do your report!

10. To cook.

    Synonyms: see Thesaurus:cook

    I'll just do some eggs.

    • 1889, Jerome K. Jerome, Three Men in a Boat […] ‎:

      It seemed, from his account, that he was very good at doing scrambled eggs.

    • 1944, “News from the Suburbs”, in Punch‎:

      We went down below, and the galley-slave did some ham and eggs, and the first lieutenant, who was aged 19, told me about Sicily, and time went like a flash.

    • 2005, Alan Tansley, The Grease Monkey, page 99:

      Next morning, they woke about ten o'clock, Kev, went for a shower while Alice, did some toast, put the kettle on, and when he came out, she went in.

11. (transitive) To travel in, to tour, to make a circuit of.
    • 1869, Louisa M[ay] Alcott, “Our Foreign Correspondent”, in Little Women: […], part second, Boston, Mass.: Roberts Brothers, →OCLC, page 115:

      We 'did' London to our hearts' content,—thanks to Fred and Frank,—and were sorry to go away; […]

    • 1892, James Batchelder, Multum in Parvo: Notes from the Life and Travels of James Batchelder‎, page 97:

      After doing Paris and its suburbs, I started for London […]

    • 1968 July 22, Ralph Schoenstein, “Nice Place to Visit”, in New York Magazine‎, page 28:

      No tourist can get credit for seeing America first without doing New York, the Wonderful Town, the Baghdad-on-Hudson, the dream in the eye of the Kansas hooker […]

    Let’s do New York also.

12. (transitive) To treat in a certain way.
    • 1894, Harper's New Monthly Magazine‎, volume 87, page 59, column 1:

      They did me well, I assure you—uncommon well: Bollinger of '84; green chartreuse fit for a prince; […]

    • 1928, Dorothy L[eigh] Sayers, “The Abominable History of the Man with Copper Fingers”, in Lord Peter Views the Body:

      Upon my word, although he [my host] certainly did me uncommonly well, I began to feel I'd be more at ease among the bushmen.

    • 1994, Jervey Tervalon, Understand This‎, →ISBN, page 50:

      "Why you gonna do me like that?" I ask. "Do what?" "Dog me."

    • 2023, “Christmas, Why You Gotta Do Me Like This”, performed by Eels:

      Christmas, why you gotta do me like this / I always embraced you / Held you close inside my heart

13. (transitive) To work for or on, by way of caring for, looking after, preparing, cleaning, keeping in order, etc.
    • 2018, Kate Atkinson, Transcription, →ISBN, page 291:

      The woman-who-did did not do very well, Juliet thought.

14. (intransitive, obsolete) To act or behave in a certain manner; to conduct oneself.
    • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, 2 Kings 17:34, column 2:

      Vnto this day they doe after the former manners: they feare not the Lord, neither doe they after their Statutes, or after their Ordinances, or after the Law and Commaundement which the Lord commaunded the children of Iacob, whom hee named Iſrael, […]

15. (transitive) To spend (time) in jail. (See also do time)

    Synonym: serve

    I did five years for armed robbery.

16. (transitive) To impersonate or depict.

    Synonyms: imitate, personate, take off

    They really laughed when he did Clinton, with a perfect accent and a leer.

17. (with 'a' and the name of a person, place, event, etc.) To copy or emulate the actions or behaviour that is associated with the person or thing mentioned.

    He did a Henry VIII and got married six times.

    He was planning to do a 9/11.

18. (transitive, slang) To kill.

    Synonyms: do in, murder, off, rub out; see also Thesaurus:kill

    • 1984, William Gibson, Neuromancer (Sprawl; book 1), New York, N.Y.: Ace Books, →ISBN, page 22:

      Case pulled the .22 out of his pocket and levelled it at Wage's crotch. “I hear you wanna do me.”

    • 2003 August 17, George Pelecanos, “Bad Dreams” (43:27 from the start), in The Wire, season 2, episode 11 (television production), spoken by Omar Little (Michael K. Williams), via HBO:

      About a year ago, a boy name Brandon got got here in Baltimore. Stuck and burned before he passed. […] Wasn't no need for y'all to do him the way y'all did.

    • 2004, Patrick Stevens, Politics Is the Greatest Game: A Johannesburg Liberal Lampoon‎, →ISBN, page 314:

      He's gonna do me, Jarvis. I kid you not, this time he's gonna do me proper.

    • 2007, E.J. Churchill, The Lazarus Code, page 153:

      The order came and I did him right there. The bullet went right where it was supposed to go.

19. (transitive, slang) To deal with for good and all; to finish up; to undo; to ruin; to do for.
    • 1870, Charles Reade, Put Yourself in His Place:

      Sometimes they lie in wait in these dark streets, and fracture his skull, […] or break his arm, or cut the sinew of his wrist; and that they call doing him.

20. (informal) To punish for a misdemeanor.

    He got done for speeding.

    Teacher'll do you for that!

21. (transitive, slang) To have sex with. (See also do it)

    Synonyms: go to bed with, sleep with; see also Thesaurus:copulate with

    • c. 1588–1593 (date written), [William Shakespeare], The Most Lamentable Romaine Tragedie of Titus Andronicus: […] (First Quarto), London: […] Iohn Danter, and are to be sold by Edward White & Thomas Millington, […], published 1594, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene ii]:

      Deme. Villaine what haſt thou done?
      A. That which thou canſt not vndoe.
      Chiron. Thou haſt vndone our mother.
      Aron. Villaine I haue done thy mother.

    • 1996, James Russell Kincaid, My Secret Life, page 81:

      […] one day I did her on the kitchen table, and several times on the dining-room table.

    • 2008, Donna Hill, On the Line‎, page 84:

      The uninhibited woman within wanted to do him right there on the countertop, but I remained composed.

22. (transitive) To cheat or swindle.

    Synonyms: defraud, diddle, mug off, rip off, scam; see also Thesaurus:deceive

    That guy just did me out of two hundred bucks!

    • 1852, Thomas De Quincey, Sir William Hamilton:

      He was not to be done, at his time of life, by frivolous offers of a compromise that might have secured him seventy-five per cent.

23. (transitive) To convert into a certain form; especially, to translate.

    the novel has just been done into English;  I'm going to do this play into a movie

24. (transitive, intransitive) To finish.
25. (archaic, dialectal, transitive, auxiliary) Used to form the present progressive of verbs.
    • 1844, William Barnes, “Evenén in the Village”, in Poems of Rural Life in the Dorset Dialect:

      ...An' the dogs do bark, an' the rooks be a-vled to the elems high and dark, an' the water do roar at mill.

26. (stock exchange) To cash or to advance money for, as a bill or note.
27. (informal, transitive, ditransitive) To make or provide.

    Synonyms: furnish, give, supply; see also Thesaurus:give

    Do they do haircuts there?

    Could you do me a burger with mayonnaise instead of ketchup?

28. (informal, transitive) To injure (one's own body part).
    • 2010 April 24, “Given stretchered off with suspected broken shoulder”, in The Irish Times‎, retrieved 2015-07-21:

      "Defender Kolo Toure admitted Given will be a loss, but gave his backing to Nielsen. 'I think he's done his shoulder,' said the Ivorian."

    • 2014 April 14, Matt Cleary, “What do Australia's cricketers do on holiday?”, in ESPNcricinfo‎, retrieved 2015-07-21:

      "Watto will spend the entire winter stretching and doing Pilates, and do a hamstring after bending down to pick up his petrol cap after dropping it filling his car at Caltex Cronulla."

    • 2014 August 13, Harry Thring, “I knew straight away I'd done my ACL: Otten”, in AFL.com.au‎, retrieved 2015-07-21:

      "'I knew straight away I'd done my ACL, I heard the sound - it was very loud and a few of the boys said they heard it as well,' Otten said."

29. (transitive) To take drugs.

    I do cocaine.

30. (transitive, in the form be doing [somewhere]) To exist with a purpose or for a reason.

    What's that car doing in our swimming pool?

• In older forms of English, when the pronoun thou was in active use, and verbs used -est for distinct second-person singular indicative forms, the verb do had two such forms: dost, in auxiliary uses, and doest, in other uses. The past tense of both forms is didst.
• Similarly, when the ending -eth was in active use for third-person singular present indicative forms, the form doth was used as an auxiliary, and the form doeth was used elsewhere.

• don't

• Appendix:Collocations of do, have, make, and take

do (plural dos or do's or (uncommon) doos)

1. (UK, informal) A party, celebration, social function; usually of moderate size and formality.

   Synonyms: get-together; see also Thesaurus:party

   We’re having a bit of a do on Saturday to celebrate my birthday.

   • 1980, Jona Lewie, Keef Trouble (lyrics and music), “You'll Always Find Me in the Kitchen at Parties”, performed by Jona Lewie:

     She was into French cuisine but I ain't no Cordon Bleu / This was at some do in Palmers Green, I had no luck with her

   • 2013 September 13, Russell Brand, “Russell Brand and the GQ awards”, in The Guardian‎:

     […] ; this aside, though, neon forever the moniker of trash, this is a posh do, in an opera house full of folk in tuxes.

2. (informal) Clipping of hairdo.

   Alternative form: 'do

   Nice do!

   I don't like to spend time on my hairstyle, so I usually just wear a do-rag.

   • 2012, Hannah Richell, The Secrets of the Tides, →ISBN, page 464:

     I like the new do.

3. (chiefly fossilized) Something that can or should be done.

   Antonym: don't

   Don't forget the dos and don'ts.

   • 1916, Eleanor H. Porter, chapter VIII, in Just David‎:

     With the coming of Monday arrived a new life for David—a curious life full of "don'ts" and "dos."

4. (chiefly obsolete, fossilized in the UK) Something that has been done.

   "How come you quit?" "I'm moving to London." "Fair dos."

5. (archaic) Ado; bustle; stir; to-do; A period of confusion or argument.

   Synonym: to-do

   • 1689, John Selden, Table Talk:

     A great deal of do, and a great deal of trouble.

6. (obsolete, UK, slang) A cheat; a swindler.
7. (obsolete, UK, slang) An act of swindling; a fraud or deception.
8. (UK, slang) A homicide.
   • 2020 December 4, “No fibs” (from 1:35 of the track, 18:51 of the whole mixtape), in (Zone 2) Karma × Trizzac (lyrics), Demented:

     Get it done, no not properly
     Them man thought that they got me
     True, I came back like a fucking zombie
     Attempted do with the ching
     Have an opp boy say “please don’t chong me!”

• For the plural of the noun, the spelling dos would be correct; do's is often used for the sake of legibility, but is sometimes considered incorrect.

From the name of musicologist Giovanni Battista Doni, who suggested replacing the original ut with an open syllable for ease of singing. First found in Italian.

• doh, Do

• (UK) enPR: dō, IPA^(key): /dəʊ/
• (US) enPR: dō, IPA^(key): /doʊ/

• Audio (US)

  (file)

• Rhymes: -əʊ
• Homophones: doe, dough, d'oh

do (plural dos)

1. (music) A syllable used in solfège to represent the first and eighth tonic of a major scale.

   Synonym: (archaic) ut

Short for ditto.

• do.

do (not comparable)

1. (archaic) Abbreviation of ditto.[3]

Shortening of dozen.

• (UK) enPR: dō, IPA^(key): /dəʊ/
• (US) enPR: dō, IPA^(key): /doʊ/

do

1. The cardinal number occurring after el and before do one in a duodecimal system. Written 10, decimal value 12.

• gro, mo

• “do”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.

• O&D, O.D., O/D, OD, od

• don — Gheg

• IPA^(key): /do/, [do], [dɔ]

do

1. second/third-person singular present indicative of dua; “you want/love”, “he/she/it wants/loves”

From Hindi दो (do).

• IPA^(key): /do/

do (Bengali script দো)

1. two

• ni
• rongni
• tu

• van Breugel, Seino. 2015. Atong-English dictionary, second edition. Available online: https://www.academia.edu/487044/Atong_English_Dictionary. Stated in Appendix 3.

• IPA^(key): [dòꜜò]

do

1. group

• 2007. The UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Department of Linguistics.

do

1. water

• The Papuan Languages of New Guinea (1986, →ISBN)

From Middle High German doch, from Old High German doh, from Proto-West Germanic *þauh, from Proto-Germanic *þauh. Cognates include German doch, Dutch doch, Yiddish דאָך (dokh), Luxembourgish dach, English though, Old Norse þó, Gothic 𐌸𐌰𐌿𐌷 (þauh).

• IPA^(key): /d̥oː/

do

1. Expresses a contrast
   1. Contradicts what may be believed and/or emphasises a certainty: certainly, but, really, just (always unstressed)

      Mia san do kane Trottln. ― We certainly are no idiots.

      Des Gschäft håd do zugsperrt. ― But the shop has closed down.

      Den kenn i do! ― I do know him.

      I wui do nur wissa, wo's då auße geht. ― I really just want to know where the exit is.

   2. Emphasis on a different outcome than expected: after all, in the end (always stressed)

      Mia san do kane Trottln. ― We are no idiots after all.

      Des Gschäft håd do zugsperrt. ― The shop has closed down after all.

      I håb's versuacht, owa dånn do ned gschåfft. ― I've tried, but in the end I failed.

do

1. one

From Latin dōnum (“gift”).

• (traditional) IPA^(key): (Central, Balearic, Valencian) [ˈdo]
• (more commonly) IPA^(key): (Central, Balearic, Valencian) [ˈdɔ]

do m (plural dons)

1. gift
2. talent

Borrowed from Italian do.

• (originally, Italianate) IPA^(key): (Central, Balearic, Valencian) [ˈdɔ]
• (more commonly) IPA^(key): (Central, Balearic, Valencian) [ˈdo]

do m (plural dos)

1. (music) do (first note of diatonic scale)

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

• IPA^(key): (Central, Balearic, Valencian) [ˈdo]

do

1. (obsolete) first-person singular present indicative of dar

From Old High German dār (“there”).

• IPA^(key): /dɔː/

do

1. here; there; in this or that place

From Old High German duo (“then”), variant of do, dō. Compare German da, Dutch toen.

• du, dunn (southern Moselle Francoinan)

• IPA^(key): /doː/ (traditional)
• IPA^(key): /dɔː/ (now sometimes by conflation with etymology 1 under standard German influence)

do

1. (Ripuarian, northern Moselle Franconian) then; back then (at a certain time in the past)

From Old High German du.

• du (many dialects)
• dou (some dialects of Moselle Franconian)
• de (unstressed form)

• IPA^(key): /doː/

do

1. (few dialects, including Kölsch) thou; you (singular)

From English do. Resemblance to Taishanese 做 (du¹) is probably coincidence.

do (Hong Kong Cantonese)

1. to do
2. to work
3. (euphemistic) to have sex

• 做 (du¹)

• Bolton, Kingsley, Hutton, Christopher (2005) A Dictionary of Cantonese Slang: The Language of Hong Kong Movies, Street Gangs and City Life, Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, →ISBN, page 100
• English Loanwords in Hong Kong Cantonese

Inherited from Old Czech do, from Proto-Slavic *do.

• IPA^(key): [ˈdo]

• audio

  (file)

do [+genitive]

1. into, in (to the inside of)

   Vešel do místnosti. ― He walked into the room.

   Dostala se jí voda do bot. ― Water got in her boots.

2. to, in (in the direction of, and arriving at; indicating destination)

   Jdeme do obchodu. ― We are walking to the shop.

   Přiletěli jsme do New Yorku. ― We arrived in New York.

3. until (up to the time of)

   Zůstal tam až do neděle. ― He stayed there until Sunday.

4. by (at some time before the given time)

   Ať jsi zpátky do desíti! ― Be back by ten o'clock!

5. to, in (physical blows "to" a body part)

   Do hlavy ne! ― Don’t hit me in the head!

   Oběť byla pobodána do břicha ― Victim has stab wounds to the stomach.

6. to, up to (extreme limit, all the way up to)

   Budeme si to pamatovat do posledního dechu ― We will remember it till our last breath.

• do in Příruční slovník jazyka českého, 1935–1957
• do in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého, 1960–1971, 1989

From Italian do (“the note”).

• IPA^(key): /doː/

• Audio

  (file)

• Hyphenation: do
• Rhymes: -oː

do m or f (plural do's)

1. do, the musical note
2. (Belgium) C, the musical note

• ut (archaic)

• (notes): re, mi, fa, sol, la, si; bee, kruis, mol

• IPA^(key): [do]
• Hyphenation: do

do (accusative singular do-on, plural do-oj, accusative plural do-ojn)

1. The name of the Latin-script letter D/d.

• (Latin-script letter names) litero; a, bo, co, ĉo, do, e, fo, go, ĝo, ho, ĥo, i, jo, ĵo, ko, lo, mo, no, o, po, ro, so, ŝo, to, u, ŭo, vo, zo

From French donc, likely via apheresis of Latin ad tunc (see adonc). Compare Italian dunque, Romanian atunci, Spanish entonces.

do

1. therefore, then, so (with conclusion), indeed, however

• du (Lagarteiru, Valverdeñu)

From Old Galician-Portuguese do, equivalent to de (“of”) +‎ o (masculine singular definite article).

do m sg (plural dos, feminine da, feminine plural das)

1. (Mañegu) of the
   • 2000, Domingo Frades Gaspar, Vamus a falal: Notas pâ coñocel y platical en nosa fala, Editora regional da Extremadura, Theme I, Chapter 1: Lengua Española:

     I si “a patria do homi é sua lengua”, cumu idía Albert Camus, o que está claru é que a lengua está mui por encima de fronteiras, serras, rius i maris, de situaciós pulíticas i sociu-económicas, de lazus religiosus e inclusu familiaris.

     And if “a man’s homeland [i.e. “homeland of the man”] is his language”, as Albert Camus said, what is clear is that language is above borders, mountain ranges, rivers and seas, above political and socio-economic situations, of religious and even family ties.

• Valeš, Miroslav (2021) Diccionariu de A Fala: lagarteiru, mañegu, valverdeñu (web)‎, 2nd edition, Minde, Portugal: CIDLeS, published 2022, →ISBN

Borrowed from Italian do.

• IPA^(key): /toː/
• Rhymes: -oː

do n (genitive singular dos, plural do)

1. (music) do

• IPA^(key): /do/

• Audio (Paris)

  (file)

• Rhymes: -o

do m (plural do)

1. (music) do, the note 'C'

   Synonym: ut

• “do”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

From contraction of preposition de (“of, from”) + masculine definite article o (“the”).

• IPA^(key): /d̪ʊ/

do m (feminine da, masculine plural dos, feminine plural das)

1. of the; from the; 's

   cabalo do demo ― demon's horse ("dragonfly")

• do·o (A·chik)

Glottal stop loss of do·o

do (Mandi)

1. bird

From French dos (“back”).

• IPA^(key): /do/

do

1. (anatomy) back

• IPA^(key): /toː/

do

1. here

   Synonyms: hie, hier

   Die Fraa is nimmi do. ― The woman isn't here anymore.

2. then; so

   Synonym: dann

   Do sim-mer fortgesprung. ― Then we fled.

• Online Hunsrik Dictionary

do

1. so, therefore

From confusion between Middle Irish ro- (in perfect), no- (in imperfect and conditional), and do- (of many verbs with that preverb), from Old Irish ro-, no-, to- respectively.[1][2][3]

• d’ (used before vowels and lenited fh-)

• IPA^(key): /d̪ˠɔ/, /d̪ˠə/

do (triggers lenition)

1. (Munster, literary) prefixed before the preterite, imperfect and conditional forms of a verb

   do mhol sé ― he praised

Reanalysis of do (“past tense marker”) and the early modern unstressed preverb do- of verbs like do-gheibhim (“I get”), do-chím (“I see”) (and possibly also a- in a-tú (“I am”), a-deirim (“I say”)) in relative clauses as a relative marker.

• IPA^(key): /d̪ˠɔ/, /d̪ˠə/

do (triggers lenition)

1. (Munster, literary) relative marker (in direct relative clauses)

   an cailín do mholann sé ― the girl that he praises

Before vowel sounds takes the form d’ and is often preceded by the reduced form a: a dh’, a d’:

1. an té a dh’éiríonn go moch, bíonn an rath air ― he who raises early has the prosperity; the early bird catches the worm

From Old Irish do, from Proto-Celtic *do (“to, for”).

• d’ (used before vowel sounds)

• IPA^(key): /d̪ˠɔ/, /d̪ˠə/
• (Connacht) IPA^(key): /ɡə/ (as if spelled go; do and go (“to, up to, until”) have largely become conflated in this dialect)
• (Ulster, colloquial) IPA^(key): /ə/, (before a vowel) /ə j-/[4]

do (plus dative, triggers lenition)

1. to, for

   do chara ― to a friend, for a friend

2. used with the possessive determiners mo, do, bhur to indicate the direct object of a verbal noun, in place of ag after a form of bí in the progressive aspect

   Tá sé do mo ghortú. ― It’s hurting me.

   Bhí sé do d’fhiafraí. ― He was inquiring about you sg.

   Bhí sibh do bhur gcloí. ― You pl were being overthrown.

See also: Category:Irish phrasal verbs with particle (do)

From Old Irish do, from Proto-Celtic *towe (“your, thy”); compare Welsh dy, Cornish dha, Breton da.

• d’ (used before vowel sounds)
• t’ (nonstandard, used before vowel sounds)

• IPA^(key): /d̪ˠɔ/, /d̪ˠə/[5]

do (triggers lenition)

1. your (singular)

   Cá bhfuil do charr?

   Where is your car?

• G. Toner, M. Ní Mhaonaigh, S. Arbuthnot, D. Wodtko, M.-L. Theuerkauf, editors (2019), “do”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
• Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “do”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
• Entries containing “do” in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm, 1959, by Tomás de Bhaldraithe.
• Entries containing “do” in New English-Irish Dictionary by Foras na Gaeilge.

• dò (rare)

• IPA^(key): /ˈdɔ/^*
• Rhymes: -ɔ
• Hyphenation: dò

do

1. first-person singular present indicative of dare

Clipping of Doni, the surname of Giovanni Battista Doni. Coined in the 17th century to replace ut.

• IPA^(key): /ˈdɔ/^°, (traditional) /ˈdɔ/^*
• Rhymes: -ɔ
• Hyphenation: dò

do m

1. do (musical note)
2. C (musical note or key)

do in Luciano Canepari, Dizionario di Pronuncia Italiana (DiPI)

• IPA^(key): /ˈdɔ/^°, /ˈdɔ/^*, /ˈdɔh/, /ˈdɔʔ/
• Rhymes: -ɔ, -ɔh, -ɔʔ
• Hyphenation: dò

do

1. (archaic) Alternative form of doh

• od

do

1. Rōmaji transcription of ど
2. Rōmaji transcription of ド

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *do.

• IPA^(key): /ˈdɔ/
• Syllabification: do

do [+genitive]

1. denotes allative movement; to, toward
2. denotes purpose; for, to
3. until, till, to
4. up to, as many as
5. denotes a deadline; by

• Stefan Ramułt (1893) “do”, in Słownik języka pomorskiego czyli kaszubskiego‎ (in Kashubian), page 25
• Eùgeniusz Gòłąbk (2011) “do”, in Słownik Polsko-Kaszubski / Słowôrz Pòlskò-Kaszëbsczi‎, volume 1, page 271
• “do”, in Internetowi Słowôrz Kaszëbsczégò Jãzëka [Internet Dictionary of the Kashubian Language], Fundacja Kaszuby, 2022

do

1. behind

   Antonym: dant

2. before (time)

From Proto-Italic *didō, from Proto-Indo-European *dédeh₃ti, from the root *deh₃- (“give”). The reduplication was lost in Latin in the present tense, but is preserved in the other Italic languages. A root aorist (from Proto-Indo-European *déh₃t) is preserved in Venetic 𐌆𐌏𐌕𐌏 (doto); the other Italic perfect forms reflect a reduplicated stative, *dedai. However, the root aorist possibly served as the source of the Latin present forms.[1] Cognates include Ancient Greek δίδωμι (dídōmi), Sanskrit ददाति (dádāti), Old Persian 𐎭𐎭𐎠𐎬𐎢𐎺 (d-d-a-tu-u-v).

The derivatives of dō are not always easy to distinguish from those of -dō (“put”) < *dʰeh₁-.

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /doː/, [d̪oː]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /do/, [d̪ɔː]

dō (present infinitive dare, perfect active dedī, supine datum); first conjugation, irregular

1. to give

   Synonym: dōnō

   Tertium non datur.

   A third [possibility] is not given [the law of excluded middle].

   • 405 CE, Jerome, Vulgate Exodus.20.12:

     Honora patrem tuum et matrem tuam, ut sis longaevus super terram, quam Dominus Deus tuus dabit tibi.

     Honour thy father and thy mother: that thy days may be long upon the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee.

2. to impart, offer, render, present with

   Synonyms: reddō, afferō

   • c. 200 BCE – 190 BCE, Plautus, Captivi 3.4:

     Do tibi operam, Aristophontes, si quid est quod me velis.

     I’m at your service, Aristophontes, if there’s anything you want of me.

     (literally, “I offer labour to you, Aristophontes…”)

   • 27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita I.14:

     causam minus mirabilem dedit

     he rendered the circumstances less strange

   • 8 CE, Ovid, Fasti 5.511:

     dumque mora est, tremulā dat vīna rubentia dextrā

     And while there is a delay, with his trembling right hand he offers [them] red wine.
     (Hyrieus serves his guests, unaware that they are gods. See: Hyrieus; Orion (mythology).)

3. to afford, grant

   Synonym: dōnō

   • 44 BCE, Cicero, Philippicae 1.22.7:

     Non igitur provocatio ista lege datur, sed duae maxime salutares leges quaestionesque tolluntur. Quid est aliud hortari adulescentis ut turbulenti, ut seditiosi, ut perniciosi cives velint esse?

     It is not, therefore, a right of appeal that is afforded by that law, but two most salutary laws and modes of judicial investigation that are abolished. And what is this but exhorting young men to be turbulent, seditious, mischievous citizens?

   • 44 BCE, Cicero, Philippicae 1.23.4:

     Quid, quod obrogatur legibus Cæsaris, quae iubent ei qui de vi itemque ei qui maiestatis damnatus sit aqua et igni interdici? quibus cum provocatio datur, nonne acta Cæsaris rescinduntur? Quae quidem ego, patres conscripti, qui illa numquam probavi, tamen ita conservanda concordiae causa arbitratus sum ut non modo, quas vivus leges Cæsar tulisset, infirmandas hoc tempore non putarem, sed ne illas quidem quas post mortem Cæsaris prolatas esse et fixas videtis.

     What more? Is not this a substitution of a new law for the laws of Cæsar, which enact that every man who has been convicted of violence, and also every man who has been convicted of treason, shall be interdicted from fire and water? And, when those men have a right of appeal granted them, are not the acts of Cæsar rescinded? And those acts, O conscript fathers, I, who never approved of them, have still thought it advisable to maintain for the sake of concord; so that I not only did not think that the laws which Cæsar had passed in his lifetime ought to be repealed, but I did not approve of meddling with those even which since the death of Cæsar you have seen produced and published.

4. to bestow, confer (on or upon)

   Synonym: dōnō

5. to concede, surrender, yield, deliver, give up

   Synonyms: dēdō, addīcō, concēdō, dēcēdō, committō, remittō, trādō, tribuō, dēferō, reddō, cēdō, permittō

6. to put
7. to adduce (e.g., a witness)

In Vulgar Latin, dō becomes *dao, by analogy with the root vowel -a-, but also by some elided third conjugation verbs like *vao, *vare (< vadō, vadere).

This table includes an archaic present subjunctive conjugation on a du- root that appears in the works of Plautus and Terence.

• do in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• do in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• do in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co.
  • to set out on a journey: in viam se dare
    
  • to give a horse the reins: frenos dare equo
    
  • to require, give, take time for deliberation: tempus (spatium) deliberandi or ad deliberandum postulare, dare, sibi sumere
    
  • to give some one a few days for reflection: paucorum dierum spatium ad deliberandum dare
    
  • to own oneself conquered, surrender: manus dare
    
  • to show oneself to some one: se in conspectum dare alicui
    
  • to take care of one's health: valetudini consulere, operam dare
    
  • to give a person poison in bread: dare venenum in pane
    
  • to give funeral games in honour of a person: ludos funebres alicui dare
    
  • this is the inscription on his tomb..: sepulcro (Dat.) or in sepulcro hoc inscriptum est
    
  • a favourable[1] opportunity presents itself: occasio datur, offertur
    
  • to give a man the opportunity of doing a thing: occasionem alicui dare, praebere alicuius rei or ad aliquid faciendum
    
  • to give a man the opportunity of doing a thing: facultatem alicui dare alicuius rei or ut possit...
    
  • to give a man the opportunity of doing a thing: potestatem, copiam alicui dare, facere with Gen. gerund.
    
  • to give ground for suspicion: locum dare suspicioni
    
  • to give occasion for blame; to challenge criticism: ansas dare ad reprehendum, reprehensionis
    
  • to bring a man to ruin; to destroy: aliquem affligere, perdere, pessumdare, in praeceps dare
    
  • to do any one a service or kindness: beneficium alicui dare, tribuere
    
  • to award the prize to..: palmam deferre, dare alicui
    
  • to entrust a matter to a person; to commission: mandatum, negotium alicui dare
    
  • to consider a thing creditable to a man: aliquid laudi alicui ducere, dare
    
  • to reproach a person with..: aliquid alicui crimini dare, vertere
    
  • to take great pains in order to..: studiose (diligenter, enixe, sedulo, maxime) dare operam, ut...
    
  • to expend great labour on a thing: egregiam operam (multum, plus etc. operae) dare alicui rei
    
  • to abandon oneself to inactivity and apathy: ignaviae et socordiae se dare
    
  • to give a person his choice: optionem alicui dare (Acad. 2. 7. 19)
    
  • to offer a person the alternative of... or..: optionem alicui dare, utrum...an
    
  • to give a person advice: consilium dare alicui
    
  • to be forgotten, pass into oblivion: oblivioni esse, dari
    
  • to become a pupil, disciple of some one: operam dare or simply se dare alicui, se tradere in disciplinam alicuius, se conferre, se applicare ad aliquem
    
  • to give advice, directions, about a matter: praecepta dare, tradere de aliqua re
    
  • to grant, admit a thing: dare, concedere aliquid
    
  • to produce a play (of the writer): fabulam dare
    
  • to applaud, clap a person: plausum dare (alicui)
    
  • to give a gladiatorial show: munus gladiatorium edere, dare (or simply munus edere, dare)
    
  • to give a gladiatorial show: gladiatores dare
    
  • to let oneself be jovial: se dare iucunditati
    
  • to write a letter to some one: epistulam (litteras) dare, scribere, mittere ad aliquem
    
  • to charge some one with a letter for some one else: epistulam dare alicui ad aliquem
    
  • to be in correspondence with..: litteras inter se dare et accipere
    
  • Rome, January 1st: Kalendis Ianuariis Romā (dabam)
    
  • to give time for recovery: respirandi spatium dare
    
  • to pardon some one: alicui veniam dare (alicuius rei)
    
  • to guarantee the protection of the state; to promise a safe-conduct: fidem publicam dare, interponere (Sall. Iug. 32. 1)
    
  • to give one's word that..: fidem dare alicui (opp. accipere) (c. Acc. c. Inf.)
    
  • to rouse a person's suspicions: suspicionem movere, excitare, inicere, dare alicui
    
  • to deceive a person, throw dust in his eyes: verba dare alicui (Att. 15. 16)
    
  • to swear an oath to a person: iusiurandum dare alicui
    
  • to give an oracular response: oraculum dare, edere
    
  • to give an oracular response: responsum dare (vid. sect. VIII. 5, note Note to answer...), respondere
    
  • to give some one to drink: alicui bibere dare
    
  • to devote oneself to a person's society: se dare in consuetudinem alicuius
    
  • to enter into conversation with some one: se dare in sermonem cum aliquo
    
  • to give audience to some one: colloquendi copiam facere, dare
    
  • to give audience to some one: conveniendi aditum dare alicui
    
  • to give one's right hand to some one: dextram alicui porrigere, dare
    
  • to give a dowry to one's daughter: dotem filiae dare
    
  • to give one's daughter in marriage to some-one: filiam alicui in matrimonium dare
    
  • to give one's daughter in marriage to some-one: filiam alicui nuptum dare
    
  • to lend, borrow money at interest: pecuniam fenori (fenore) alicui dare, accipere ab aliquo
    
  • to lend money to some one: pecuniam alicui mutuam dare
    
  • to present a person with the freedom of the city: civitatem alicui dare, tribuere, impertire
    
  • to make laws (of a legislator): leges scribere, facere, condere, constituere (not dare)
    
  • let the consuls take measures for the protection of the state: videant or dent operam consules, ne quid res publica detrimenti capiat (Catil. 1. 2. 4)
    
  • to give a man audience before the senate: senatum alicui dare (Q. Fr. 2. 11. 2)
    
  • to produce as a witness: aliquem testem dare, edere, proferre
    
  • to reproach, blame a person for..: aliquid alicui crimini dare, vitio vertere (Verr. 5. 50)
    
  • to pardon a person: veniam dare alicui
    
  • to be (heavily) punished by some one: poenas (graves) dare alicui
    
  • to put some one in irons, chains: in vincula (custodiam) dare aliquem
    
  • to enlist oneself: nomen (nomina) dare, profiteri
    
  • to give furlough, leave of absence to soldiers: commeatum militibus dare (opp. petere)
    
  • to pay the troops: stipendium dare, numerare, persolvere militibus
    
  • to give the watchword, countersign: tesseram dare (Liv. 28. 14)
    
  • to give the signal to engage: signum proelii dare
    
  • the cavalry covers the retreat: equitatus tutum receptum dat
    
  • to put the enemy to flight: in fugam dare, conicere hostem
    
  • to flee, run away: terga vertere or dare
    
  • to run away from the enemy: terga dare hosti
    
  • to take to flight: se dare in fugam, fugae
    
  • to dictate the terms of peace to some one: pacis condiciones dare, dicere alicui (Liv. 29. 12)
    
  • to give hostages: obsides dare
    
  • to reduce a people to their former obedience: aliquem ad officium (cf. sect. X. 7, note officium...) reducere (Nep. Dat. 2. 3)
    
  • to put to sea: vela in altum dare (Liv. 25. 27)
    
  • to set the sails: vela dare
    
  • to run before the wind: vento se dare