Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/de

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Possibly related to *ád (“to”). Compare a similar relationship between *pó and *ap, both variants of *apó (“away”).[1]

Adverb

*de ~ *do or *-de ~ *-do[1]

(pre- and postposition), to, towards
Emphatic or contrastive particle, and, but[2]

Usage notes

The particle in Proto-Indo-European experienced ablaut between *de and *do but was otherwise indeclinable.

Derived terms

*de-h₁ (with instrumental suffix *-h₁)[3] (see there for further descendants)
*do-h₁ (with instrumental suffix *-h₁)[3]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dō
  - Proto-Slavic: *da (see there for further descendants)
  - Lithuanian: do
- Proto-Germanic: *tō (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *-dō
  - Latin: (quan)dō (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic:
  - Old Latin: dōnicum, dōnique
    - Latin: dōnec
*(h₁)n̥-dó[4][5]

Descendants

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *da[6]
- Lithuanian: da-
- Latvian: da
- Proto-Slavic: *do (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Celtic: *do[7]
- Old Irish: do, du
Proto-Germanic: *ta
Proto-Hellenic: *dé[8]
- Ancient Greek: δέ (dé)
- Mycenaean Greek: 𐀆 (de, “but”) (e.g. 𐀅𐀗𐀆 (da-mo-de /⁠dāmos de⁠/, “but the people”))
Proto-Hellenic: *-de[9]
- Ancient Greek: -δε (-de) (e.g. ὅδε (hóde), δόμονδε (dómonde), Ἀθήναζε (Athḗnaze)), δεῦρο (deûro)
- Mycenaean Greek: 𐀆 (de, “towards”) (e.g. 𐀓𐀈𐀛𐀊𐀆 (ku-do-ni-ja-de /⁠Kudōnijān-de⁠/), 𐀀𐀗𐀳𐀍𐀙𐀆 (a-mo-te-jo-na-de /⁠harmoteiōna-de⁠/, “to the wheelwright”))
Proto-Italic: *-de[10]
- Latin: -de (e.g. quamde/quande, inde, unde)
- ⇒ Proto-Italic: *kʷomde (“when”)
  - Oscan: 𐌐𐌞𐌍 (pún), 𐌐𐌖𐌍 (pun); 𐌐𐌖𐌍𐌖𐌌 (punum) (< *kʷomdum)
  - Umbrian: 𐌐𐌖𐌍𐌄 (pune), 𐌐𐌖𐌍𐌉 (puni)

References

Dunkel, George E. (2014) “*dó”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (Indogermanische Bibliothek. 2. Reihe: Wörterbücher) (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter GmbH Heidelberg, →ISBN, pages 148-56
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011) Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd edition, revised and corrected by Michiel de Vaan, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, §17.3, page 249
De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “-dam, -dē, -dō, -dum”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “endo, indu(-), indi-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 189
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἔνδον”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 421-422
Derksen, Rick (2008) “*do”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 109
Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*do”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 102
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “δέ”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 307
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “-δε”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 307
De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “-de”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 162