and

• (stressed) enPR: ănd, ĕnd IPA^(key): /ænd/, /ɛnd/

  • Audio (US)

    (file)

    (see /æ/ raising)
  • Rhymes: -ænd, -ɛnd
• (unstressed) enPR: ən(d) IPA^(key): /ənd/, /ən/, /æn/, /ɛn/, /ɛnd/, /n̩d/, /n̩/

  • Audio (US) (ham and eggs)

    (file)

  • Audio (Southern England)

    (file)

• (unstressed or, for some speakers, stressed) Homophone: end
• (unstressed) Homophone: an

From Middle English and, an, from Old English and, ond, end, from Proto-West Germanic *andi, from Proto-Germanic *andi, *anþi, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti (“facing opposite, near, in front of, before”). Cognate with Scots an (“and”), North Frisian en (“and”), West Frisian en, in (“and”), Low German un (“and”), Dutch en (“and”), German und (“and”), Danish end (“but”), Swedish än (“yet, but”), Icelandic and Norwegian enn (“still, yet”), Albanian edhe (“and”) (dialectal ênde, ênne), ende (“still, yet, therefore”), Latin ante (“opposite, in front of”), and Ancient Greek ἀντί (antí, “opposite, facing”).

• an'
• 'n' (n)

and

1. As a coordinating conjunction; expressing two elements to be taken together or in addition to each other.
   1. Used simply to connect two noun phrases, adjectives or adverbs. [from 8th c.]
      • c. 1430 (reprinted 1888), Thomas Austin, ed., Two Fifteenth-century Cookery-books. Harleian ms. 279 (ab. 1430), & Harl. ms. 4016 (ab. 1450), with Extracts from Ashmole ms. 1429, Laud ms. 553, & Douce ms. 55 [Early English Text Society, Original Series; 91], London: N. Trübner & Co. for the Early English Text Society, volume I, OCLC 374760, page 11:

        Soupes dorye. — Take gode almaunde mylke […] caste þher-to Safroun an Salt […]

      • c. 1596–1598 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Merchant of Venice”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene i]:

        Sweet lady, you have given me life and living; […]

      • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Genesis 1:1:

        In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth.

      • 1817 (date written), [Jane Austen], Persuasion; published in Northanger Abbey: And Persuasion. […], volumes (please specify |volume=III or IV), London: John Murray, […], 20 December 1817 (indicated as 1818), →OCLC:

        as for Mrs. Smith, she had claims of various kinds to recommend her quickly and permanently.

      • 2011 November 5, Mark Townsend, The Guardian:

        ‘The UKBA has some serious explaining to do if it is routinely carrying out such abusive and unlawful inspections.’

   2. Simply connecting two clauses or sentences. [from 8th c.]
      • 1991, Jung Chang, Wild Swans:

        When she saw several boys carrying a huge wooden case full of porcelain, she mumbled to Jinming that she was going to have a look, and left the room.

      • 2011 November 5, Helena Smith, Tom Kington, The Guardian:

        "Consensus is essential for the country," he said, adding that he was not "tied" to his post and was willing to step aside.

   3. Introducing a clause or sentence which follows on in time or consequence from the first. [from 9th c.]
      • 1996, David Beasley, Chocolate for the Poor:

        ‘But if you think you can get it, Christian, you're a fool. Set one foot upcountry and I'll kill you.’

      • 2004 August 22, Will Buckley, The Observer:

        One more error and all the good work she had done on Friday would be for nought.

      • 2007: Jimmy Carr, 8 out of 10 Cats, 13th day of July episode

        Romance is dead; men killed it, and made women clean up the mess.

   4. (obsolete) Yet; but. [10th–17th c.]
      • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Matthew XXII::

        Hee said, I goe sir, and went not.

   5. Used to connect certain numbers: connecting units when they precede tens (not dated); connecting tens and units to hundreds, thousands etc. (now often omitted in US); to connect fractions to wholes. [from 10th c.]
      • 1863 November 19, Abraham Lincoln, Dedicatory Remarks (Gettysburg Address)‎, near Soldiers' National Cemetery, →LCCN, Bliss copy, page 1:

        Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth, on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.

      • 1905, Upton Sinclair, chapter XXVI, in The Jungle, New York, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page & Company, published 26 February 1906, →OCLC:

        In Chicago these latter were receiving, for the most part, eighteen and a half cents an hour, and the unions wished to make this the general wage for the next year.

      • 1956, Dodie Smith, (title):

        The One Hundred and One Dalmatians.

   6. (now colloquial or literary) Used to connect more than two elements together in a chain, sometimes to stress the number of elements.
      • 1599 (first performance), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Iulius Cæsar”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene ii]:

        And these does she apply, for warnings and portents, / And euils imminent; and on her knee / Hath begg'd, that I will stay at home to day.

      • 1939, Langley, Ryerson & Woolf, The Wizard of Oz (screenplay):

        Lions, and tigers, and bears! Oh, my!

   7. Connecting two identical elements, with implications of continued or infinite repetition. [from 10th c.]
      • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Psalms CXLV::

        I will extol thee, my God, O king; and I will bless thy name for ever and ever.

      • 2011 March 18, Jonathan Watts, The Guardian:

        He was at work in a nearby city when the tsunami struck. ‘As soon as I saw it, I called home. It rang and rang, but there was no answer.’

   8. Introducing a parenthetical or explanatory clause. [from 10th c.]
      • 1918, George W. E. Russell, Prime Ministers and Some Others:

        The word "capable" occurs in Mr. Fisher's Bill, and rightly, because our mental and physical capacities are infinitely varied.

      • 2008 January 29, The Guardian:

        President Pervez Musharraf is undoubtedly sincere in his belief that he, and he alone, can save Pakistan from the twin perils of terrorism and anarchy.

   9. Introducing the continuation of narration from a previous understood point; also used alone as a question: ‘and so what?’.
      • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Revelation XIV::

        And I heard a voice from heaven, as the voice of many waters, and as the voice of a great thunder: and I heard the voice of harpers harping with their harps […].

      • 1860 December – 1861 August, Charles Dickens, Great Expectations […], volumes (please specify |volume=I to III), London: Chapman and Hall, […], published October 1861, →OCLC:

        ‘You take it smoothly now,’ said I, ‘but you were very serious last night, when you swore it was Death.’ ‘And so I swear it is Death,’ said he, putting his pipe back in his mouth […].

      • 1914, Saki, ‘The Lull’, Beasts and Superbeasts:

        ‘And, Vera,’ added Mrs. Durmot, turning to her sixteen-year-old niece, ‘be careful what colour ribbon you wear in your hair […].’

   10. (now dialectal or somewhat colloquial) Used to connect two verbs where the second is dependent on the first: ‘to’. Used especially after come, go and try. [from 14th c.]
       • 1817 (date written), Jane Austen, edited by R[aymond] W[ilson] Chambers, Fragment of a Novel Written by Jane Austen, January–March 1817 […] [Sanditon], Oxford, Oxfordshire: Clarendon Press, published 1925, →OCLC:

         Beyond paying her a few charming compliments and amusing her with gay conversation, had he done anything at all to try and gain her affection?

       • 1847 January – 1848 July, William Makepeace Thackeray, Vanity Fair […], London: Bradbury and Evans […], published 1848, →OCLC:

         "What have you a been and given Pitt's wife?" said the individual in ribbons, when Pitt and Lady Jane had taken leave of the old gentleman.

       • 1989, James Kelman, A Disaffection:

         Remember and help yourself to the soup! called Gavin.

   11. Introducing a qualitative difference between things having the same name; "as well as other". [from 16th c.]
       • 1936, The Labour Monthly, volume XVIII:

         Undoubtedly every party makes mistakes. But there are mistakes and mistakes.

       • 1972, Esquire, volume LXXVIII:

         "There are managers and there are managers," he tells me. "I'm totally involved in every aspect of Nina's career."

   12. Used to combine numbers in addition; plus (with singular or plural verb). [from 17th c.]
       • 1791, James Boswell, Life of Samuel Johnson:

         ‘Nobody attempts to dispute that two and two make four: but with contests concerning moral truth, human passions are generally mixed […].’

       • 1871, Lewis Carroll, Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There:

         ‘Can you do Addition?’ the White Queen asked. ‘What's one and one and one and one and one and one and one and one and one and one?’

2. (heading) Expressing a condition.
   1. (now US dialect) If; provided that. [from 13th c.]
      • 1485, Sir Thomas Malory, Le Morte Darthur, Book VII:

        "Where ys Sir Launcelot?" seyde King Arthure. "And he were here, he wolde nat grucche to do batayle for you."

      • 1526, [William Tyndale, transl.], The Newe Testamẽt […] (Tyndale Bible), [Worms, Germany: Peter Schöffer], →OCLC, Matthew:

        Peter answered, and sayde: master, and thou be he, bidde me come unto the on the water.

      • 1958, Shirley Ann Grau, The Hard Blue Sky:

        "And he went slower," Mike said softly, "he go better."

   2. (obsolete) As if, as though. [15th–17th c.]
      • c. 1595–1596 (date written), William Shakespeare, “A Midsommer Nights Dreame”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene ii]:

        I will roare you, and 'twere any Nightingale.

      • 1625, Francis [Bacon], “Of Innovations”, in The Essayes […], 3rd edition, London: […] Iohn Haviland for Hanna Barret, →OCLC:

        As they will set an house on fire, and it were but to roast their eggs.

3. (mathematics, logic) Connecting two well-formed formulas to create a new well-formed formula that requires it to only be true when both of the two formulas are true.

• (used to connect two similar words or phrases): as well as, together with, in addition to
• (informal): &, 'n', +
• (in artist collaborations): x

• Antigua and Barbuda, Bosnia and Herzegovina, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, São Tomé and Príncipe, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands, Wallis and Futuna

• equal to
• false
• if
• iff
• implies
• nand
• nor
• not
• or
• true
• xor

• formal logic

and (plural ands)

1. (music, often informal) In rhythm, the second half of a divided beat.
   • 2006, Gordon Goodwin, Gordon Goodwin's Big Phat Band: Trumpet, page 51:

     The same goes for measure 42, when you begin the phrase on the and of 1, because that kind of lick can easily bog down the time.

From Middle English ande, from Old English anda (“grudge, enmity, malice, envy, hatred, anger, zeal, annoyance, vexation; zeal; injury, mischief; fear, horror”) and Old Norse andi (“breath, wind, spirit”); both from Proto-Germanic *anadô (“breath, anger, zeal”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂enh₁- (“to breathe, blow”).

Cognate with German Ahnd, And (“woe, grief”), Danish ånde (“breath”), Swedish anda, ande (“spirit, breath, wind, ingenuity, intellect”), Icelandic andi (“spirit”), Albanian ëndë (“pleasure, delight”), Latin animus (“spirit, soul”). Related to onde.

• aynd, eind, eynd, yane, end

and (plural ands)

1. (UK dialectal) Breath.
2. (UK dialectal) Sea smoke; steam fog.

From Middle English anden, from Old English andian (“to be envious or jealous, envy”) and Old Norse anda (“to breathe”); both from Proto-Germanic *anadōną (“to breathe, sputter”). Cognate with German ahnden (“to avenge, punish”), Danish ånde (“to breathe”), Swedish andas (“to breathe”), Icelandic anda (“to breathe”). See above.

• eind, eynd, ein

and (third-person singular simple present ands, present participle anding, simple past and past participle anded)

1. (UK dialectal, intransitive) To breathe; whisper; devise; imagine.

• -dan, ADN, DAN, DNA, Dan, Dan., NAD, NDA, dan, dna, nad

From Proto-Turkic *ānt (“oath”).[1] Cognate with Old Turkic 𐰦 (nt), Turkish ant.

• IPA^(key): [ɑnd]

• Audio (Baku)

  (file)

and (definite accusative andı, plural andlar)

1. oath

   Synonym: əhd

• and içmək (“to take an oath”)

From Old Norse ǫnd, from Proto-Germanic *anadz, cognate with German Ente, Dutch eend. The Germanic noun derives from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énh₂ts (“duck”), which is also the source of Latin anas, Ancient Greek νῆττα (nêtta), Lithuanian ántis, Sanskrit आति (ātí).

• IPA^(key): /anˀ/, [ænˀ]
• Rhymes: -and

and c (singular definite anden, plural indefinite ænder)

1. duck
2. canard (false or misleading report or story)

• “and” in Den Danske Ordbog

From the root of andma. Cognate with Finnish anti.

• IPA^(key): /ˈɑnʲd̥/, [ˈɑnʲd̥]

and (genitive anni, partitive andi)

1. offering, gift
2. alms, donation
3. giftedness, talent
4. act of giving

and

1. and

and

1. Romanization of 𐌰𐌽𐌳

• (Courland) andõ

From Proto-Finnic *antadak, from Proto-Uralic *ëmta-.

• IPA^(key): /ɑnd/

and

1. (Salaca) to give

• annd, ant, an, en
• ⁊, &

From Old English and, ond, end, from Proto-West Germanic *andi, from Proto-Germanic *andi, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti.

• IPA^(key): /and/
• (unstressed) IPA^(key): /an/, /ɛn/

and

1. and, and then (connects two elements of a sentence)
   • c. 1200, Ormin, “Dedication”, in Ormulum, lines 1–4:

     Nu broþerr Wallterr broþerr min / Affterr þe flæshess kinde / ⁊ broþerr min i Crisstendom / Þurrh fulluhht ⁊ þurrh trowwþe […]

     Now, brother Walter, my brother / by way of blood relation / and my brother in Christendom / through baptising and through faith […]

   • c. 1340, Dan Michel, “Þe oþer Godes Heste”, in Ayenbite of Inwyt:

     Ac þe ilke / þet zuereþ hidousliche be god / oþer by his halȝen / and him to-breȝþ / and zayþ him sclondres / þet ne byeþ naȝt to zigge: þe ilke zeneȝeþ dyadliche […]

     But one who / hideously swears by God / or by his emissaries / and who tears him apart / while saying to him lies / that shouldn't be said: they sin grievously. […]

   • c. 1380, Sir Firumbras, lines 4413–4414:

     "Lordes", quaþ Richard, "Buþ noȝt agast, Ac holdeþ forþ ȝour way / an hast & boldeliche doþ ȝour dede […] "

     "Lords", said Richard, "Don't be frightened, but hold your way forwards / and quickly and boldy do your deed […] "

   • c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.)‎, published c. 1410, Apocalips 1:8, page 117v; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

     ȝhe amen / I am alpha ⁊ oo þe bigynnyng ⁊ þe ende ſeiþ þe loꝛd god þat is / ⁊ þat was. ⁊ that is to comynge almyȝti

     You, Amen! I am Alpha and O, the beginning and the end, says the Lord God; that is, that was, and that which will come, almighty.

   • 1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “Here Bygynneth the Book of the Tales of Caunt́burẏ”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 2, recto:

     Whan that Auerill w^t his shoures soote / The droghte of march hath ꝑced to the roote / And bathed euery veyne in swich lycour / Of which v̄tu engendred is the flour […]

     When that April, with its sweet showers / Has pierced March's drought to the root / And bathed every vein in fluid such that / with its power, the flower is made […]

2. however, yet, but, though. while
3. if, supposing that, whether.
4. (rare) As though, like, in a manner suggesting.

• English: and
• Scots: an
• Yola: an, an', and

• “and, conj. (& adv.).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2019-01-14.

From Old Norse ǫnd, from Proto-Germanic *anadz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énh₂ts (“duck”).

• IPA^(key): /ɑnː/, /ɑnd/

• and

  (file)

and f or m (definite singular anda or anden, indefinite plural ender, definite plural endene)

1. a duck
2. canard (false or misleading report or story)

• Andeby (“Duckburg”)
• andunge

• “and” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

• IPA^(key): /an(d)/, [ɐ̞nd], [ɐ̞nː]

From Old Norse ǫnd, from Proto-Germanic *anadz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énh₂ts (“duck”). Akin to English ennet.

• ond
• ønd (dialectal)

and f (definite singular anda, indefinite plural ender, definite plural endene)

1. a duck (waterbird)

From Old Norse ǫnd.

• ond

and f (definite singular anda, indefinite plural ander, definite plural andene)

1. breath, spirit

   Synonyms: ande, pust

and

1. imperative of ande

• “and” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

• and-, dan

• ond, end
• ᚪᚾᛞ (and), ᛖᚾᛞ (end) — Franks Casket

From Proto-Germanic *anda, *andi, probably from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti (“facing opposite, near, in front of, before”). Compare Old Frisian and, Old Saxon endi, Old High German unti, Old Norse enn.

• IPA^(key): /ɔnd/

and

1. and

• ⁊ (symbol)

• Middle English: and, annd, ant, an, en; ⁊, &
  • English: and
  • Scots: an
  • Yola: an, an', and

and

1. even; also

• ande, ende

From Proto-Germanic *andi, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti (“facing opposite, near, in front of, before”). Compare Old English and, Old Saxon endi, Old High German unti, Old Norse enn.

and

1. and

• North Frisian: en
• Saterland Frisian: un
• West Frisian: en, in

From Proto-Celtic *andom, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁n̥dó. The adverbial sense of this term is the original one, and it has an etymology independent of i.

• IPA^(key): /an͈d/

and

1. third-person singular masculine/neuter dative of hi: in him, in it
   • c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 31^b23

     in bélrai .i. is and atá gním tengad isind huiliu labramar-ni

     of speech, i.e. the action of the tongue is in it, in all that we say

and

1. there
   • c. 850-875, Turin Glosses and Scholia on St Mark, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 484–94, Tur. 110c

     Ba bés leusom do·bertis dá boc leu dochum tempuil, ⁊ no·léicthe indala n‑ái fon díthrub co pecad in popuil, ⁊ do·bertis maldachta foir, ⁊ n⟨o⟩·oircthe didiu and ó popul tar cenn a pecthae ind aile.

     It was a custom with them that two he-goats were brought by them to the temple, and one of the two of them was let go to the wilderness with the sin of the people, and curses were put upon him, and thereupon the other was slain there by the people for their sins.

2. then, in that case
   • c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 4^a27

     Is and didiu for·téit spiritus ar n-énirti-ni in tain bes n-inun accobor lenn .i. la corp et anim et la spirut.

     So it is then that the spirit helps our weakness when we have the same desire, to wit, body and soul and spirit.

• Middle Irish: ann
  • Irish: ann
  • Manx: ayn
  • Scottish Gaelic: ann

and

1. Alternative form of an

• While and is relatively often written due to English influence, it is seldom pronounced as such, making way for an. [1]

From Old Norse ǫnd, from Proto-Germanic *anadz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énh₂ts (“duck”).

• IPA^(key): /and/

• audio

  (file)

and c

1. a wild duck

• anka (domesticated duck)

• and in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)

• -nad, Dan, dan

and

1. Archaic form of ant (“oath”).

and

1. Alternative form of an (“and”)
   • 1867, GLOSSARY OF THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY:

     Jaude and maude.

     Crowds and throngs.

   • 1867, “THE WEDDEEN O BALLYMORE”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 93:

     "steoute and straung,"

     stout and strong;

• Jacob Poole (d. 1827) (before 1828) William Barnes, editor, A Glossary, With some Pieces of Verse, of the old Dialect of the English Colony in the Baronies of Forth and Bargy, County of Wexford, Ireland, London: J. Russell Smith, published 1867, page 49

From Middle Dutch hant, from Old Dutch hant, from Proto-West Germanic *handu.

and f (plural [please provide])

1. hand

• 'and