faoi

See also: Faoi

Irish

Alternative forms

Etymology

A generalization of the third-person masculine singular inflected form, from Old Irish foí, the third-person masculine singular inflected form of fo (“under”), from Proto-Celtic *uɸo, from Proto-Indo-European *upo. Compare Ancient Greek ὑπό (hupó), Middle Welsh go. During the Early Modern Irish period, this preposition began to take over the meaning of Old Irish imm (“around, about”) (modern um), which had variant forms ma and lenited fa, bha that were probably conflated with faoi.[1][2] Doublet of ó (“-wards”).

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /fˠiː/

Preposition

faoi (plus dative, triggers lenition)

  1. (standard, Connacht, Ulster) under
    • 2015 [2014], Will Collins, translated by Proinsias Mac a' Bhaird, edited by Maura McHugh, Amhrán na Mara (fiction; paperback), Kilkenny, County Kilkenny, Howth, Dublin: Cartoon Saloon; Coiscéim, translation of Song of the Sea (in English), →ISBN, page 1:
      Thuas i dteach an tsolais, faoi réaltaí geala, canann Bronach Amhrán na Mara dá mac Ben atá cúig bliana d'aois.
      [original: Up in the lighthouse, under twinkling stars, Bronach sings the Song of the Sea to her five-year-old son, Ben.]
  2. (standard, Connacht) about, concerning
  3. around, about
    Cuir faoi do choim é.
    Put it around your waist.
    Chuir mé gad faoi mhuineál an chapaill.
    I put a halter around the horse's neck.
  4. times, multiplied by
    a trí faoi a hocht ― three times eight
    faoi dhó ― twice, two times

Usage notes
  • The standard Irish and Connacht form faoi (Munster fé) means both “under” and “about”. In Ulster, these two meanings are split: faoi means “under”, while fá means “about”.

Inflection
Inflection of faoi
Person Normal Emphatic
1st person sing. fúm fúmsa
2d person sing. fút fútsa
3d sing. masc. faoi faoisean
3d sing. fem. fúithi fúithise
1st person pl. fúinn fúinne
2d person pl. fúibh fúibhse
3d person pl. fúthu fúthusan

Derived terms
Irish preposition contractions
Basic form Contracted with Copular forms
an (“the sg”)na (“the pl”)mo (“my”)do (“your”)a (“his, her, their; which (present)”)ár (“our”)ar (“which (past)”)(before consonant)(present/future before vowel)(past/conditional before vowel)
de (“from”)dende na
desna*		de mo
dem*		de do
ded*, det*		dá dárdardarbdarbh
do (“to, for”)dondo na
dosna*		do mo
dom*		do do
dod*, dot*		dá dárdardarbdarbh
faoi (“under, about”)faoinfaoi nafaoi mofaoi dofaoinafaoinár faoinarfaoinarbfaoinarbh
i (“in”)sa, sansnai mo
im*		i do
id*, it*		inainár inarinarbinarbh
le (“with”)leis anleis nale mo
lem*		le do
led*, let*		lenalenár lenarlenarblenarbh
ó (“from, since”)ónó na
ósna*		ó mo
óm*		ó do
ód*, ót*		ónaónár ónarónarbónarbh
trí (“through”)tríd antrí natrí motrí dotrínatrínár trínartrínarbtrínarbh
*Dialectal.

See also Category:Irish phrasal verbs with particle (faoi)

Pronoun

faoi (emphatic faoisean)

  1. third-person singular masculine of faoi

References
  1. Damian McManus (1994) chapter IV, in K. McCone, D. McManus, C. Ó Háinle, N. Williams, L. Breatnach, editors, Stair na Gaeilge: in ómós do P[h]ádraig Ó Fiannachta (in Irish), Maynooth: Roinn na Sean-Ghaeilge, Coláiste Phádraig, →ISBN, (7), page 438: “Is dócha gurb é tionchar an réamhfhocail fa 'faoi' faoi dear na foirmeacha ma, bha, fa de um (TD lxxii).”
  2. Eleanor Knott (1922-26) The Bardic poems of Tadhg Dall Ó hUiginn (1550–1591), volume 1, Lúndain, page lxxii

Further reading
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