hier
Afrikaans
Alternative forms
- hiir (obsolete)
Etymology
From Dutch hier, from Middle Dutch hier, from Old Dutch hier, from Proto-Germanic *hē₂r.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ɦir/
Audio: (file) - Rhymes: -ir
- Hyphenation: hier
Derived terms
Danish
Dutch
Etymology
From Middle Dutch hier, from Old Dutch hier, from Proto-Germanic *hē₂r.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ɦir/, [ɦiːr], [ɦiər]
Audio (NL): (file) - Rhymes: -ir
- Hyphenation: hier
Usage notes
With a preposition, hier is used instead of dit to create a pronominal adverb. See also Category:Dutch pronominal adverbs.
Derived terms
See also Category:Dutch pronominal adverbs.
Descendants
French
Etymology 1
Inherited from Old French ier, from Latin herī.
Pronunciation
- (mute h) IPA(key): /jɛʁ/, /i.jɛʁ/
audio (file) - Rhymes: -jɛʁ
Adverb
hier
- yesterday
- 2001, Elisabeth de Fontenay, Diderot ou le matérialisme enchanté:
- […] car il nous appartient que les choses changent dans le sens du meilleur, d’un meilleur peut-être précaire, et qui pourrait s’énoncer par cette maxime : mieux que rien, mieux qu’hier et mieux qu’aujourd’hui.
- […] because it's up to us to change things for the better — a perhaps precarious better — and which could be stated by this maxim: better than nothing, better than yesterday, and better than today.
Coordinate terms
Dates relative to today in French (layout · text) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
–3 | –2 | –1 | 0 | +1 | +2 | +3 | |
direct speech | three days ago | two days ago | yesterday | today | tomorrow | in two days | in three days |
avant-avant-hier | avant-hier | hier | aujourd’hui | demain | après-demain | après-après-demain | |
reported speech | three days before, three days earlier | two days before, two days earlier | the day before | on that day | the next day | two days later | three days later |
trois jours plus tôt | l’avant-veille | la veille | ce jour-là | le lendemain | le surlendemain | trois jours plus tard |
Derived terms
Further reading
- “hier”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
Pronunciation
- (aspirated h) IPA(key): /je/, /i.e/
Conjugation
infinitive | simple | hier | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
present participle or gerund1 | simple | hiant /jɑ̃/ or /i.ɑ̃/ | |||||
compound | ayant + past participle | ||||||
past participle | hié /je/ or /i.e/ | ||||||
singular | plural | ||||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle, on | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
(simple tenses) |
present | hie /i/ |
hies /i/ |
hie /i/ |
hions /jɔ̃/ or /i.ɔ̃/ |
hiez /je/ or /i.e/ |
hient /i/ |
imperfect | hiais /jɛ/ or /i.ɛ/ |
hiais /jɛ/ or /i.ɛ/ |
hiait /jɛ/ or /i.ɛ/ |
hiions /i.jɔ̃/ |
hiiez /i.je/ |
hiaient /jɛ/ or /i.ɛ/ | |
past historic2 | hiai /je/ or /i.e/ |
hias /ja/ or /i.a/ |
hia /ja/ or /i.a/ |
hiâmes /jam/ or /i.am/ |
hiâtes /jat/ or /i.at/ |
hièrent /jɛʁ/ or /i.ɛʁ/ | |
future | hierai /i.ʁe/ or /i.ə.ʁe/ |
hieras /i.ʁa/ or /i.ə.ʁa/ |
hiera /i.ʁa/ or /i.ə.ʁa/ |
hierons /i.ʁɔ̃/ or /i.ə.ʁɔ̃/ |
hierez /i.ʁe/ or /i.ə.ʁe/ |
hieront /i.ʁɔ̃/ or /i.ə.ʁɔ̃/ | |
conditional | hierais /i.ʁɛ/ or /i.ə.ʁɛ/ |
hierais /i.ʁɛ/ or /i.ə.ʁɛ/ |
hierait /i.ʁɛ/ or /i.ə.ʁɛ/ |
hierions /i.ʁjɔ̃/ or /i.ə.ʁjɔ̃/ |
hieriez /i.ʁje/ or /i.ə.ʁje/ |
hieraient /i.ʁɛ/ or /i.ə.ʁɛ/ | |
(compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
past anterior2 | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
(simple tenses) |
present | hie /i/ |
hies /i/ |
hie /i/ |
hiions /i.jɔ̃/ |
hiiez /i.je/ |
hient /i/ |
imperfect2 | hiasse /jas/ or /i.as/ |
hiasses /jas/ or /i.as/ |
hiât /ja/ or /i.a/ |
hiassions /ja.sjɔ̃/ or /i.a.sjɔ̃/ |
hiassiez /ja.sje/ or /i.a.sje/ |
hiassent /jas/ or /i.as/ | |
(compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
imperative | – | – | – | ||||
simple | — | hie /i/ |
— | hions /jɔ̃/ or /i.ɔ̃/ |
hiez /je/ or /i.e/ |
— | |
compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en. | |||||||
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
(Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). |
Related terms
German
Alternative forms
- hie (archaic; except in hie und da)
Etymology
From Middle High German hier, from Old High German hier, from Proto-West Germanic *hēr. Cognate with Dutch hier, English here, Swedish här.
The predominant form in Middle High German and throughout modern dialects of High German is hie (and variants) with loss of the final -r. The form hier begins to gain ground from the late 16th century (in spite of Luther’s usage), which may point to influence by cognate Middle Low German hīr, hēr (where no r-less form seems to exist; but compare modern Limburgish heej).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /hiːr/, [hi(ː)ɐ̯]
Audio (file) Audio (file) audio (Austria) (file) - Rhymes: -iːɐ̯
Adverb
hier
- (location) here; in this place; refers to an environment one is currently in, or to something within reach
- Ich bin hier in diesem Dorf geboren. ― I was born here in this village.
- Setzen wir uns hier aufs Sofa. ― Let’s sit down here on the sofa.
- (location) there; right there; in that place; refers to something that is considered nearby, or can be seen and pointed at
- Synonym: da
- Die Kirche ist gleich hier am Ende der Straße. ― The church is right there at the end of the street.
- Siehst du die Wolke hier neben der Bergspitze? ― Can you see that cloud there next to the mountain top?
- (abstract) here (within this context)
- Die Frist wurde hier überhaupt nicht erwähnt. ― The deadline was not mentioned here at all.
- used with the definite article or the determiner dieser (“this, that”) to express proximity (“this”)
- Die Kneipe hier ist sehr beliebt. ― This pub is very popular.
- Hier der Stuhl ist kaputt. ― This chair is broken.
- Dieser Schrank hier ist 200 Jahre alt. ― This cupboard is 200 years old.
Derived terms
See also
Interjection
hier
- (colloquial) Used for emphasis or to call for attention, often when changing the subject
- Hier, der Markus ist doch jetzt auch verheiratet, ne?
- Hey, wait, Markus is married now, too, isn't he?
Hunsrik
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈhiːɐ/
Further reading
Middle Dutch
Etymology
From Old Dutch hier, from Proto-Germanic *hē₂r.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /hiər/
Descendants
Further reading
- “hier”, in Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek, 2000
- Verwijs, E., Verdam, J. (1885–1929) “hier”, in Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, →ISBN
Middle English
Romanian
Etymology
Borrowed from Old Church Slavonic хиер (xier).
Saterland Frisian
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /hir/
- Hyphenation: hier
- Rhymes: -ir
Etymology 1
See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
See also
Etymology 2
From Old Frisian hīr, from Proto-West Germanic *hēr. Cognates include West Frisian hjir and German hier.
References
- Marron C. Fort (2015) “hier”, in Saterfriesisches Wörterbuch mit einer phonologischen und grammatischen Übersicht, Buske, →ISBN
West Frisian
Etymology 1
From Old Frisian hēr.
Further reading
- “hier (I)”, in Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch), 2011
Etymology 2
From Old Frisian hēre, from Proto-West Germanic *hūʀiju.
Related terms
Further reading
- “hier (II)”, in Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch), 2011