co

co

1. (international standards) ISO 639-1 language code for Corsican.

co (plural cos)

1. (colloquial) Clipping of company.

• co., Co, Co.

• yield co

co

1. (stenoscript) Abbreviation of company and related forms of that word.

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

• (US) enPR: kō, IPA^(key): /koʊ/

• Audio (Southern England)

  (file)

• Rhymes: -oʊ

co (third-person singular, gender-neutral, reflexive coself)

1. (nonstandard) they (singular). Gender-neutral subject pronoun, coordinate with gendered pronouns he and she.
   • 1983, Ingrid Komar, Living the Dream: A Documentary Study of Twin Oaks Community:

     Co consistently does less than cos share of the Community work. 4. Co absents coself from the Community for more than three weeks [...]

   • 1996, Brett Beemyn, Mickey Elianon, Queer studies: a lesbian, gay, bisexual, & transgender anthology, page 74:

     At the very least, an individual might have to use different terms to describe coself in a heterosexual context than co uses in a sexual minority context [...]

   • 2004 April 1, Pieira dos Lobos, “Fern's Story two”, in alt.magick.serious (Usenet):

     A youngster of my own introduction had been rejected by an object of preadolescent craving and had killed coself by leaping at the ceiling of co's quarters. Co was a rising Large Game star, her spring was powerful, our gravity flux was low - co's head struck the surface with enough force to kill on impact.

2. (nonstandard) them (singular). Gender-neutral object pronoun, coordinate with gendered pronouns him and her.

• (as subject): he, she
• (as object): him, her

• cos
• coself

• other attested gender-neutral pronouns

• O. C., O.C., OC, Oc, Oc.

Inherited from Old Czech čso, from Proto-Slavic *čьto, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷid, *kʷis.

• IPA^(key): [ˈt͡so]

• audio

  (file)

co n

1. what

   Co se děje? ― What's up?

   Co se stalo? ― What happened?

co

1. that

   Od té doby, co jsme spolu… ― Since we’ve been together… (literally, “Since the time that we’ve been together…”)

2. what

   Ví, co chce. ― He knows what he wants.

co

1. (indeclinable) isn't it so, don't you think?

   To je pěkné, co? ― That’s nice, isn’t it?

• kdo
• kdy
• kde

• co in Příruční slovník jazyka českého, 1935–1957
• co in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého, 1960–1971, 1989
• co in Internetová jazyková příručka

From Latin quod.

co

1. what

• IPA^(key): /soː/

co

1. water

• Leenhardt, M. (1946) Langues et dialectes de l'Austro-Mèlanèsie. Cited in: "ⁿDuᵐbea" in Greenhill, S.J., Blust, R., & Gray, R.D. (2008). The Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database: From Bioinformatics to Lexomics. Evolutionary Bioinformatics, 4:271–283.
• Shintani, T.L.A. & Païta, Y. (1990) Dictionnaire de la langue de Païta, Nouméa: Sociéte d'etudes historiques de Nouvelle-Calédonie. Cited in: "Drubea" in Greenhill, S.J., Blust, R., & Gray, R.D. (2008). The Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database: From Bioinformatics to Lexomics. Evolutionary Bioinformatics, 4:271–283.

• IPA^(key): [t͡so]
• Audio:

  (file)

• Hyphenation: co

co (accusative singular co-on, plural co-oj, accusative plural co-ojn)

1. The name of the Latin-script letter C/c.

• (Latin-script letter names) litero; a, bo, co, ĉo, do, e, fo, go, ĝo, ho, ĥo, i, jo, ĵo, ko, lo, mo, no, o, po, ro, so, ŝo, to, u, ŭo, vo, zo

co

1. grass

From contraction of preposition con (“with”) + masculine definite article o (“the”).

co m (feminine coa, masculine plural cos, feminine plural coas)

1. with the

From Old French coc.

co m

1. rooster, cockerel, cock

• IPA^(key): /t͡so/

co (plural ci)

1. Alternative form of ico (“this”)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *čьto.

• IPA^(key): /ˈt͡sɔ/
• Syllabification: co

co

1. interrogative pronoun; what?
2. relative pronoun; that what..., which, that

• Stefan Ramułt (1893) “co”, in Słownik języka pomorskiego czyli kaszubskiego‎ (in Kashubian), page 18
• Eùgeniusz Gòłąbk (2011) “co”, in Słownik Polsko-Kaszubski / Słowôrz Pòlskò-Kaszëbsczi‎, volume 1, page 206
• “co”, in Internetowi Słowôrz Kaszëbsczégò Jãzëka [Internet Dictionary of the Kashubian Language], Fundacja Kaszuby, 2022

• IPA^(key): /so˥/

co

1. Northern Khumi form of caw

• D. A. Peterson (2013) “Aesthetic aspects of Khumi grammar”, in The Aesthetics of Grammar, Cambridge University Press, page 220

co

1. than (used in comparisons)

co

1. how (in what manner)
2. how (in what state)

• coche

• zo (obsolete)

• IPA^(key): /t͡sɔ/

From Proto-Slavic *čьto, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷid, *kʷis.

co

1. what (interrogative)

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

co

1. third-person singular present of kśěś

• Muka, Arnošt (1921, 1928) “co”, in Słownik dolnoserbskeje rěcy a jeje narěcow (in German), St. Petersburg, Prague: ОРЯС РАН, ČAVU; Reprinted Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag, 2008
• Starosta, Manfred (1999) “co”, in Dolnoserbsko-nimski słownik / Niedersorbisch-deutsches Wörterbuch (in German), Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag

• cô

From Portuguese com.

co

1. with

   nhonha co fula ― the girl with the flower

2. to, at

   Já gritâ co iou ― He shouted at me

co

1. and

   iou co vôs ― me and you

• co is not very commonly used to connect two clauses. More often, related clauses are simply listed one after the other with no connectives, or connected with pronouns such as qui or quelóra.

Inherited from Old Polish czso.

• IPA^(key): [ˈt͡sɔ]
• Syllabification: co

co n

1. (interrogative) what?
2. (exclaimative) what!
3. (relational) who; what; that
4. (indeterminate) something
5. (indeterminate, expressive) someone
6. (quantitative, interrogative) how much; how many
7. (quantitative, relative) that much; that many
8. (temporal, relative) as
9. (indeterminate) somewhat, to some degree

co

1. (comparative) than
2. (resultative) because
3. (resultative) as a result of which
4. (conditional) if
5. (admitative) even though
6. (coordinating) that

co

1. denotes regularity; every
2. denotes the highest degree of something; the
3. intensifies a comparison or superlative; all the
4. denotes something important for the speaker; at least
5. (interrogative) why
6. (interrogative) what for (to what end)
7. (interrogative) introduces a yes-no question; if, whether

• Zofia Stamirowska (1987-2024) “co”, in Anna Basara, editor, Słownik gwar Ostródzkiego, Warmii i Mazur‎, volume 1, Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich Wydawnictwo Polskiej Akademii Nauk, →ISBN, pages 350-356

• go

From Old Irish co, from Proto-Celtic *kʷos.

co (takes the accusative; triggers h-prothesis before vowels)

1. to, toward
   • c. 1000, “The Tale of Mac Da Thó's Pig”, in Ernst Windisch, editor, Irische Texte, volume 1, published 1800, section 1:

     Ro·ferad failte friu uile, ocus ructha chucisium isin mbruidin.

     They were all made welcome and brought to him in the hall.

Forms combined with an object pronoun

• 1st person singular: chucum, chucom, cucom, cugam
  • emphatic: chucumsa, chucomso, cucomsa, cugamsa
• 2nd person singular: chucut
  • emphatic: chucutsu
• 3rd person singular masculine: chuc(a)i, cuc(a)i, chu(i)ce, cuce
  • emphatic: c(h)ucisium
• 3rd person singular feminine: chu(i)cci
• 1st person plural: cucain(n), chucaind, chucund, cucund
  • emphatic: cucainni, cucainne
• 3rd person plural: c(h)ucu, chucco, cuco, c(h)uca), c(h)uctu, chucta

Forms combined with the definite article:

• cos(s)in, cus(s)in(d) (masculine/feminine singular)
• cos(s)a (neuter singular)
• cusna (plural)

Forms combined with the relative particle:

• cos(s)a

Forms combined with a possessive determiner:

• 1st person singular: com
• 2nd person singular: cot
• 3rd person: co a, ca

• Irish: chuig, chun, go
• Scottish Gaelic: gu

• G. Toner, M. Ní Mhaonaigh, S. Arbuthnot, D. Wodtko, M.-L. Theuerkauf, editors (2019), “1 co “to, towards””, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

From Old French colp, coup, from Vulgar Latin *colpus, from Classical Latin colaphus (“blow with the fist; cuff”), from Ancient Greek κόλαφος (kólaphos, “blow, slap”).

co m (plural cos)

1. (Jersey) blow

• coup

From Old French coq, coc.

co m (plural cos)

1. (Jersey) cockerel

• co journieaux

From Old French col, from Latin collum (“neck”).

co m (plural cos)

1. (Jersey, Guernsey, Normandy, anatomy) neck

• ko (Sark)

• cihok

Compare Persian جوی (juy) or Persian جو (ju).

• IPA^(key): /d͡ʒoː/

co m

1. ditch, trench, channel, canal, duct, fosse, aqueduct, sluice

• cobar

• IPA^(key): [ko]

From Proto-Celtic *kom, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm (“next to, at, with, along”).[1] Cognate with German ge- (“with”) (collective prefix) and gegen (“toward, against”), English gain-, Spanish con (“with”).

co (takes the dative, triggers nasalization) (abbreviated ɔ)

1. with

   Synonym: la

   • c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 97^d10

     Is peccad díabul lesom .i. fodord doïb di dommatu, ⁊ du·fúairthed ní leu fora sáith din main, ⁊ todlugud inna féulæ ɔ amairis nánda·tibérad Día doïb, ⁊ nach coimnacuir ⁊ issi dano insin ind frescissiu co fochaid.

     It is a double sin in his opinion, i.e. the murmuring by them of want, although there remained some of the manna with them upon their satiety, and demanding the meat with faithlessness that Good would not give it to them, and [even] that he could not; therefore that is the expectation with testing.

Forms combined with the definite article:

• cosind (dative singular)
• cosnaib (dative plural)

Combinations with possessive determiners:

• com (1st person singular)
• cut, cot (2nd person singular)
• cona (3rd person singular)

• Middle Irish: co

• G. Toner, M. Ní Mhaonaigh, S. Arbuthnot, D. Wodtko, M.-L. Theuerkauf, editors (2019), “2 co “with””, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “An interrogative formation?”)

co

1. how?

   Co·bbia mo ḟechtas? ― How will my expedition be?

The adverb is followed by the dependent form of the verb, which is neither nasalized nor lenited.

• cote

• G. Toner, M. Ní Mhaonaigh, S. Arbuthnot, D. Wodtko, M.-L. Theuerkauf, editors (2019), “4 co “how?””, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

From Proto-Celtic *kʷos, compare Proto-Slavic *kъ(n) (“to, towards”) (hence Russian ко (ko, “to”)) of similar meaning.[2]

co (takes the accusative; triggers h-prothesis before vowels)

1. to, toward
   • c. 700 Immram Brain, published in The Voyage of Bran son of Febal to the land of the living (1895, London: David Nutt), pp. 1-35, edited and with translations by Kuno Meyer and Alfred Nutt, stanza 45

     Olc líth do·lluid ind nathir cosin n-athir dia chathir!

     [It was] a bad day when the Serpent came to the father [Adam], to the city [in Paradise]!

   • c. 775, “Táin Bó Fraích”, in Book of Leinster; republished as Ernst Windisch, editor, Táin bó Fraích, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1974, line 262:

     "Gairid damsa Findabair!", ol sé. Do·tháet Findabair cucai, ⁊ coíca ingen impe.

     "Call Findabair over to me!" [Ailill] said. Findabair came to him, with fifty maidens around her.

2. up to, until
3. used with the neuter accusative singular of an adjective to form an adverb: -ly[3]
   • c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 14^d3

     cid écen aisndís do neuch as doruid co léir, ní sechmalfaider cuimre and dano

     though it is necessary to explain carefully anything that is difficult, however brevity will not be passed by

Forms combined with the definite article:

• cos(s)in (masculine/feminine singular)
• cos(s)a (neuter singular)
• cosna (plural)

Forms combined with the relative particle:

• cos(s)a

• cosse

• Middle Irish: co, go
  • Irish: chuig, chun, go
  • Scottish Gaelic: gu

co (triggers nasalization, followed by the prototonic or conjunct form of a verb, may be followed by an infixed pronoun) (abbreviated ɔ)

1. until
   • c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 21^c22

     ní fitir cid muntar nime conidro·foilsigsetar apstil doib

     not even heaven’s household knew it until the apostles had revealed it to them

2. so that

   Synonym: ara

   • c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 10^d36

     co nos·berinn dochum hirisse

     that I might bring them unto faith

For more quotations using this term, see Citations:co.

A leniting co that takes absolute and deuterotonic forms is also attested in the glosses only.

• con

• coní (“so that…not”) (corresponding to the nasalizing conjunction)
• conna (“so that…not”) (corresponding to the leniting conjunction)

• Irish: go
• Scottish Gaelic: gu
• Manx: dy

• G. Toner, M. Ní Mhaonaigh, S. Arbuthnot, D. Wodtko, M.-L. Theuerkauf, editors (2019), “1 co “to, towards””, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
• G. Toner, M. Ní Mhaonaigh, S. Arbuthnot, D. Wodtko, M.-L. Theuerkauf, editors (2019), “3 co “until, so that””, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
• Thurneysen, Rudolf (1940, reprinted 2017) D. A. Binchy and Osborn Bergin, transl., A Grammar of Old Irish, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, →ISBN, §§ 433, 829, 896–97

• IPA^(key): (10^th–15^th CE) /t͡sɔ/
• IPA^(key): (15^th CE) /t͡sɔ/

co n

1. Alternative form of czso

co

1. Alternative form of czso

co

1. Alternative form of czso

Inherited from Old Polish czso, from Proto-Slavic *česo (the genitive form of Proto-Slavic *čь and Proto-Slavic *čьto). Cognate with German wes, English whose.

• IPA^(key): /t͡sɔ/
• (Middle Polish) IPA^(key): /ˈt͡sɔ/

• Audio 1

  (file)

• Audio 2

  (file)

• Audio 3

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɔ
• Syllabification: co

co n

1. interrogative pronoun; what

   Co to?

   What is that?

2. pronoun for introducing a subordinate clause that narrows the scope of the main clause; which, that; what; who

   Znam takiego gościa, co ma konia.

   I know a guy that has a horse.

3. pronoun that attaches a relative clause to the main clause; which, that; what; who

   Ta kobieta, co mieszkała w tym mieszkaniu, wyjechała do Niemiec.

   That woman, who lived in that apartment, moved to Germany.

4. (colloquial) relative pronoun

   Jakość będzie równa temu, co zapłacisz.

   The quality will be equal to whatever you pay.

5. (colloquial) why

   Co ona taka smutna?

   Why is she so sad?

According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), co is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 207 times in scientific texts, 81 times in news, 219 times in essays, 465 times in fiction, and 1252 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 2224 times, making it the 19th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.[1]

co

1. every (referring to frequency)

   co drugi dzień ― every other day

   co miesiąc ― every month

   co rok ― every year, annually

According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), co is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 8 times in scientific texts, 10 times in news, 10 times in essays, 33 times in fiction, and 16 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 77 times, making it the 836th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.[2]

co

1. as

   Ma ten sam rower co ja.

   He has the same bike as me.

According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), co is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 14 times in scientific texts, 4 times in news, 10 times in essays, 33 times in fiction, and 73 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 134 times, making it the 450th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.[3]

co

1. used as a tag question, to emphasise what goes before or to request that the listener express an opinion about what has been said

   Interesujące, co?

   Interesting, isn't it?

According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), co is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 207 times in scientific texts, 81 times in news, 219 times in essays, 465 times in fiction, and 1252 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 2224 times, making it the 19th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.[4]

• co in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
• co in Polish dictionaries at PWN
• Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “co”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
• “CO I”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 21.05.2019
• “CO II”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 07.05.2010
• “CO III”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 11.04.2018
• Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “co”, in Słownik języka polskiego‎
• Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “co”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861‎
• J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1900), “co”, in Słownik języka polskiego‎ (in Polish), volume 1, Warsaw, page 345

• che (Rumantsch Grischun, Sursilvan)
• ca (Sutsilvan)
• tgi (Surmiran)
• cu (Puter)

From Latin quam or quod.

co

1. (Vallader) than

Inherited from Old Polish czso.

• IPA^(key): /ˈt͡sɔ/
• Rhymes: -ɔ
• Syllabification: co

co n

1. (interrogative) what
2. (relative) that
3. (interrogative) why

co

1. (proscribed) coordinating conjunction; that

   Synonym: (prescribed) że

co

1. every (referring to frequency)

• co in silling.org

• IPA^(key): /ˈko/ [ˈko]
• Rhymes: -o
• Syllabification: co

co m (plural cos)

1. (Aragon, colloquial) dude, friend

co

1. Misspelling of có.

• con

From Latin cum. Compare Italian con.

co

1. with, together

• có

• (Hà Nội) IPA^(key): [kɔ˧˧]
• (Huế) IPA^(key): [kɔ˧˧]
• (Hồ Chí Minh City) IPA^(key): [kɔ˧˧]

co

1. to shrink (to become smaller)

   Antonym: phồng

• IPA^(key): /t͡ʃo/

co

1. (transitive) to see

• coo, cio

• Clemens Voorhoeve (1982) The Makian languages and their neighbours‎, Pacific linguistics

From Tibetan མཚོ (mtsho).

• IPA^(key): [t͡sʰo]

co

1. lake

• Juha Janhunen, Marja Peltomaa, Erika Sandman, Xiawu Dongzhou (2008) Wutun (LINCOM's Descriptive Grammar Series), volume 466, LINCOM Europa, →ISBN

• quo

From Middle English quethen, from Old English cweþan, from Proto-West Germanic *kweþan.

• IPA^(key): /kɔː/, /kwɔː/

co

1. quoth, saith
   • 1867, GLOSSARY OF THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, pages 31[1]:

     Co thou; Co he.

     Quoth thou; Says he.

   • 1867, “A YOLA ZONG”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 1, pages 84[1]:

     Fade teil thee zo lournagh, co Joane, zo knaggee?

     What ails you so melancholy, quoth John, so cross?

   • 1867, “A YOLA ZONG”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 13, pages 90[1]:

     Ha-ho! be mee coshes, th'ast ee-pait it, co Joane;

     Hey-ho! by my conscience, you have paid it, quoth John;

   • 1927, “ZONG OF TWI MAARKEET MOANS”, in THE ANCIENT DIALECT OF THE BARONIES OF FORTH AND BARGY, COUNTY WEXFORD, page 129, lines 12[2]:

     "Swingale," co the umost, "thou liest well a rent,

     "Swindle," said the other, "you know quite well,

   • 1927, “ZONG OF TWI MAARKEET MOANS”, in THE ANCIENT DIALECT OF THE BARONIES OF FORTH AND BARGY, COUNTY WEXFORD, page 129, lines 14[2]:

     Thou liest valse co secun that thou an ye thick

     You lie false, said the second, that you and your kid,

   • 1927, “YOLA ZONG O BARONY VORTH”, in THE ANCIENT DIALECT OF THE BARONIES OF FORTH AND BARGY, COUNTY WEXFORD, page 132, lines 5[2]:

     "Faad thay goul ez upa thee, thou stouk" co Billeen,

     "What the divil is on you, you fool?" quoth Billy;

   • 1927, “YOLA ZONG O BARONY VORTH”, in THE ANCIENT DIALECT OF THE BARONIES OF FORTH AND BARGY, COUNTY WEXFORD, page 132, lines 9[2]:

     Co Sooney, "Billeen dowstthee zee faads lewer,

     Says Alice "Billy, do you see what's yonder?"