See also: [U+5165 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5165], 𠆢 [U+201A2 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-201A2], [U+3145 HANGUL LETTER SIOS], and [U+4EBB CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4EBB]

U+4EBA, 人
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4EBA

[U+4EB9]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+4EBB]
U+2F08, ⼈
KANGXI RADICAL MAN

[U+2F07]
Kangxi Radicals
[U+2F09]

Translingual

Stroke order
2 strokes
Stroke order

Alternative forms

  • (when used as a left radical)
  • 𠂉 (when used as an upper radical)

Han character

(Kangxi radical 9, 人+0, 2 strokes, cangjie input (O), four-corner 80000, composition 丿)

  1. Kangxi radical #9, .

Derived characters

References

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 91, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 344
  • Dae Jaweon: page 190, character 1
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 101, character 10
  • Unihan data for U+4EBA

Chinese

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character
Shang Western Zhou Spring and Autumn Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Hanjian (compiled in Song) Guwen Sishengyun (compiled in Song) Jizhuan Guwen Yunhai (compiled in Song) Liushutong (compiled in Ming) Libian (compiled in Qing) Tang Stone Classics Kangxi Dictionary (compiled in Qing)
Bronze inscriptions Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Odd character Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts Transcribed ancient scripts Transcribed ancient scripts Transcribed ancient scripts Clerical script Regular script Ming typeface





References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Pictogram (象形) – side view of a standing man, highlighting the arms and legs. Compare .

Etymology 1

simp. and trad.
alternative forms
 
component
𠆢 component
component
component
𠂉 component
component
𠆢 component
component
component
𠂉 component

𠔽
𤯔
𦉫
Northern Wu

Sagart (1999) relates it to Tibetan ཉེན (nyen, relative), from ཉེ (nye, near) + nominalizing suffix -n; if so, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-naːj ~ s-nej (near).

Schuessler (2007) proposes two etymologies:

  • Same etymon as (OC *njin, “to be kind; to be good”), from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s/k-niŋ (heart; brain; mind). The semantic association of with was somewhat late, dated to Mencius's time; later on, would be usually interpreted as "humane, acting like a human being".
  • Related to Proto-Mon-Khmer *ɲaʔ ~ *ɲah (person) with a nominalizing suffix -n, from the auto-ethnonym of a hostile, possibly Austroasiatic-speaking, eastern people, whom the Sinitic-speaking Shang referred to as 人方 (OC *njin paŋ).

Pronunciation


Note:
  • nyin4 - vernacular;
  • liin4 - literary.

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location
Mandarin Beijing /ʐən³⁵/
Harbin /ʐən²⁴/
/in²⁴/
Tianjin /in⁴⁵/
/ʐən⁴⁵/
Jinan /ʐẽ⁴²/
Qingdao /iə̃⁴²/
Zhengzhou /ʐən⁴²/
Xi'an /ʐẽ²⁴/
Xining /ʐə̃²¹³/
Yinchuan /ʐəŋ⁵³/
Lanzhou /ʐə̃n⁵³/
Ürümqi /ʐɤŋ⁵¹/
Wuhan /nən²¹³/
Chengdu /zən³¹/
Guiyang /zen²¹/
Kunming /ʐə̃³¹/
Nanjing /ʐən²⁴/
Hefei /ʐən⁵⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /zəŋ¹¹/
Pingyao /ʐəŋ¹³/
Hohhot /ʐə̃ŋ³¹/
Wu Shanghai /ȵiŋ²³/
/zəŋ²³/
Suzhou /zən¹³/
/ȵin¹³/
Hangzhou /zen²¹³/
Wenzhou /zaŋ³¹/ 文讀
/ȵaŋ³¹/ 白讀
/naŋ³¹/ 訓讀
Hui Shexian /iʌ̃⁴⁴/
/niʌ̃⁴⁴/
Tunxi /ian⁴⁴/
Xiang Changsha /ʐən¹³/
Xiangtan /in¹²/
Gan Nanchang /ȵin⁴⁵/
/lɨn⁴⁵/ ~參
Hakka Meixian /ŋin¹¹/
Taoyuan /ŋin¹¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /jɐn²¹/
Nanning /jɐn²¹/
Hong Kong /jɐn²¹/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /lin³⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /iŋ⁵³/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /neiŋ³³/
Shantou (Teochew) /ziŋ⁵⁵/
/naŋ⁵⁵/ 訓讀
Haikou (Hainanese) /zin³¹/
/naŋ³¹/ 訓儂

Rime
Character
Reading # 1/1
Initial () (38)
Final () (43)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () III
Fanqie
Baxter nyin
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/ȵiɪn/
Pan
Wuyun
/ȵin/
Shao
Rongfen
/ȵʑjen/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/ȵin/
Li
Rong
/ȵiĕn/
Wang
Li
/ȵʑĭĕn/
Bernard
Karlgren
/ȵʑi̯ĕn/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
rén
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
jan4
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
rén
Middle
Chinese
‹ nyin ›
Old
Chinese
/*ni[ŋ]/
English (other) person

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/1
No. 10800
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
1
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*njin/

Definitions

  1. man; person; people (Classifier: m c;  h)
       rénlèi   humans
       rén shì shéi?   Who is that person?
    嗰個邊個 [Cantonese, trad.]
    嗰个边个 [Cantonese, simp.]
    go2 go3 jan4-2 hai6 bin1 go3 lai4 gaa3? [Jyutping]
    Who is that person?
    敲門敲门   Yǒurén qiāomén le.   Someone knocked on the door.
  2. a person associated with a particular identity or trait; -er
    主持   zhǔchírén   host
    北京   Běijīngrén   Beijinger
    香港 [Cantonese]   hoeng1 gong2 jan4 [Jyutping]   Hongkonger
  3. body
       rén zài xīn bù zài   the body is here but the heart is not
    不大舒服 [MSC, trad.]
    不大舒服 [MSC, simp.]
    Zhè liǎng tiān rén bùdà shūfú. [Pinyin]
    I [lit. the body] haven't been feeling that well these few days.
    今天上午 [MSC, trad. and simp.]
    Jīntiān shàngwǔ nǐ rén zài nǎ? [Pinyin]
    Where have you been this morning?
  4. everybody; everyone
    手一冊手一册   rénshǒu yīcè   It's a bestseller. (literally, “Everyone has a copy.”)
    所共知   rénsuǒgòngzhī   common knowledge
  5. other people; others
    云亦云   rényún yìyún   to follow the crowd (literally, “to say what others say”)
    害己   hàirénhàijǐ   to harm others and onself
  6. physical, psychological or moral quality or condition; character; personality (Classifier: c;  c)
    就我所知不錯 [MSC, trad.]
    就我所知不错 [MSC, simp.]
    Jiùwǒsuǒzhī, tā rén bùcuò. [Pinyin]
    As far as I know, he is kind.
    知道什麼 [MSC, trad.]
    知道什么 [MSC, simp.]
    Wǒ bù zhīdào tā shì shénme rén. [Pinyin]
    I don't know what kind of person he is.
    到底 [Cantonese, trad.]
    到底 [Cantonese, simp.]
    keoi5 dou3 dai2 hai6 me1 jan4 lai4 gaa3? [Jyutping]
    Exactly what kind of person is he?
    [Cantonese, trad.]
    [Cantonese, simp.]
    keoi5 go3 jan4 hou2 laan5. [Jyutping]
    He is very lazy.
  7. manpower; worker; employee
    我們公司 [MSC, trad.]
    我们公司 [MSC, simp.]
    Wǒmen gōngsī zhèng quē rén. [Pinyin]
    Our company is short on manpower right now.
  8. talent; person of talent
  9. (obsolete) common people; commoner
  10. adult; grown-up
    長大长大   zhǎngdà chéngrén   to grow up to be an adult
  11. artificial; man-made
       rénhuò   human disaster
  12. (fantasy, mythology) were- (indicates a person who changes shape into an animal)
       lángrén   werewolf
       rén   weretiger
  13. (Cantonese) used as a dummy pronoun; someone; others
  14. (Zhao'an Hakka) pluralizes a personal pronoun
    𠊎 [Zhao'an Hakka, trad. and simp.]
    ngai` ngin`, hen` ngin`, gui` ngin` [Taiwanese Hakka Romanization System]
    we, you all, they
  15. (obsolete) sexual intercourse
       réndào   sexual intercourse
       rénshì   sexual intercourse
  16. (obsolete) company; companion; friend
  17. (obsolete) human affairs; ways of the world
  18. (obsolete) mortal world; earthly word
  19. (obsolete) Alternative form of (rén, kernel)
  20. (obsolete) Alternative form of (rén, charity)
  21. (obsolete) Alternative form of (rén, loving; kind)
  22. (Beijing Mandarin) Lenition of 人家 (rénjia).
    磨蹭外頭我們 [dialectal Mandarin, trad.]
    磨蹭外头我们 [dialectal Mandarin, simp.]
    Bié móceng la, rén zǎi wàitou děng zhe wǒmen ne! [Pinyin]
    Stop dilly-dallying. He/She/They is/are waiting for us outside!
    哎呀孩子考上哈佛大學出息 [dialectal Mandarin, trad.]
    哎呀孩子考上哈佛大学出息 [dialectal Mandarin, simp.]
    Āiya, rén háizi kǎoshang Hāfó Dàxué la, duō chūxi ya! [Pinyin]
    Geez, his/her/their kid got into Harvard University. How promising!
    別人吱聲兒事兒出來 [dialectal Mandarin, trad.]
    别人吱声儿事儿出来 [dialectal Mandarin, simp.]
    Rén biéren dōu bù zīshengr, jiù tā bǎ zhèi shìr gěi shuō chulai le. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
  23. (Taishanese) paternal grandmother
  24. a surname
Synonyms

Compounds

Descendants

Sino-Xenic ():
  • Japanese: (にん) (nin); (じん) (jin)
  • Korean: 인(人) (in)
  • Vietnamese: nhân ()

Etymology 2

simp. and trad.
alternative forms
𠆧

The Min native word for “person”; used as a replacement character for (nóng). Use of is recommended by Taiwan's Ministry of Education.

Pronunciation 1


Definitions

(Coastal Min)

  1. man; person; people; human being; Homo sapiens (Classifier: mn;  md)
  2. a person associated with a particular identity or trait; -er
    臺灣台湾 [Hokkien]   Tâi-oân-lâng [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]   Taiwanese
  3. physical, psychological or moral quality or condition
    𣍐䆀 [Hokkien, trad.]
    𫧃䆀 [Hokkien, simp.]
    I lâng bē-bái. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
    He is kind.
Compounds

Pronunciation 2


Definitions

(Coastal Min)

  1. other people
  2. I; me
Synonyms

References

Japanese

Kanji

(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

Compounds

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
ひと
Grade: 1
kun’yomi

⟨pi1to2*/pʲitə//fito//hito//çito/

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *pitə.

First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.[1]

Pronunciation

Noun

(ひと) or (ヒト) • (hito)  (counter )

  1. a person, human
  2. an individual
    Synonym: 個人 (kojin)
  3. mankind, people
    Synonyms: 人類 (jinrui), 人間 (ningen)
  4. character, personality
    Synonyms: 人格 (jinkaku), 人柄 (hitogara)
  5. an average person
    Synonym: 世人 (sejin, yohito)
  6. (law) legal person
  7. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
    Synonyms: (kata), (mono)
  8. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
  9. an adult
    Synonyms: 大人 (otona), 成人 (seijin)
  10. someone (else)
    (ひと)(もの)(ぬす)
    hito no mono onusumu
    to steal someone's things; to steal people's things
Usage notes
  • When scientifically referring to humans, this term is often spelled in katakana, as ヒト.
  • From Old Japanese or Middle Japanese development, hito is sometimes shifted to -uto, -udo, -to, -tto, or -do.
Derived terms

Pronoun

(ひと) • (hito) 

  1. (archaic) second-person personal pronoun: you

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
にん
Grade: 1
goon

From Early Middle Chinese (MC nyin). The goon reading, so likely the initial borrowing. Compare Shanghainese nyin.

Pronunciation

Noun

(にん) • (nin) 

  1. a personality
  2. the role of that person
Derived terms

Counter

(にん) • (-nin) 

  1. counter for number of people

Affix

(にん) • (nin) 

  1. man

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
じん
Grade: 1
kan’on

From Late Middle Chinese (MC nyin). The kan'on reading, so likely a later borrowing. Compare Mandarin (rén).

Pronunciation

Suffix

(じん) • (-jin) 

  1. person from that group
    アジア(じん)イギリス(じん)スペイン(じん)ドイツ(じん)アメリカ(じん)スコットランド(じん)
    Ajiajin, Igirisujin, Supeinjin, Doitsujin, Amerikajin, Sukottorandojin
    an Asian, an Englishman, a Spaniard, a German, an American, a Scot
  2. person who does the activity of the suffixed word
Usage notes

When compounding, makes the accent fall on the 自立拍 (jiritsuhaku, autonomous mora) immediately before itself. For example:

There is one notable exception:

Derived terms

Affix

(じん) • (jin) 

  1. man
  2. Short for 人造 (jinzō): artificial, synthetic

Etymology 4

Kanji in this term

Grade: 1
irregular

From Old Japanese. The protoform may have been -ri or -tari, see 二人 (futari, literally two people).

Counter

() • (-ri) 

  1. counter for number of people
Derived terms

See also

Japanese number-counter combinations for
1 2 3 4 5
(ひと)() (hitori)
(いち)(にん) (ichinin)
(ふた)() (futari)
()(にん) (ninin)
(さん)(にん) (sannin)
()(たり) (mitari)
()(にん) (yonin)
()(たり) (yotari)
(よっ)(たり) (yottari)
()(にん) (gonin)
(いつ)(たり) (itsutari)
6 7 8 9 10
(ろく)(にん) (rokunin)
()(たり) (mutari)
(むゆ)(たり) (muyutari)
(しち)(にん) (shichinin)
(なな)(にん) (nananin)
(なな)(たり) (nanatari)
(はち)(にん) (hachinin)
()(たり) (yatari)
()(にん) (kunin)
(きゅう)(にん) (kyūnin)
(ここの)(たり) (kokonotari)
(じゅう)(にん) (jūnin)
()(たり) (totari)
20 100 1,000 10,000 How many?
()(じゅう)(にん) (nijūnin)
廿(にじゅう)(にん) (nijūnin)
二十(はた)(たり) (hatatari)
廿(はた)(たり) (hatatari)
(ひゃく)(にん) (hyakunin)
(もも)(たり) (momotari)
(せん)(にん) (sennin)
()(たり) (chitari)
(いち)(まん)(にん) (ichimannin)
(まん)(にん) (mannin)
(ばん)(にん) (bannin)
(なん)(にん) (nannin)
(いく)(にん) (ikunin)
(いく)(たり) (ikutari)

References

  1. ”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, Nihon Kokugo Daijiten) (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000
  2. NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
  3. Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  4. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese (MC nyin).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448ᅀᅵᆫ (Yale: zìn)
Middle Korean
TextEumhun
Gloss (hun)Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527사〯ᄅᆞᆷ (Yale: sǎlòm)ᅀᅵᆫ (Yale: zìn)

Pronunciation

Hanja

Wikisource (eumhun 사람 (saram in))

  1. Hanja form? of (human; person).

Compounds

References

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典.

Kunigami

Kanji

(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /t͡ɕuː/

Noun

(ちゅー) (chū) 

  1. person
  2. human

Miyako

Kanji

(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ps̩tu/

Noun

(ぴぃとぅ) (psïtu) 

  1. person
  2. human

Okinawan

Kanji

(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

Compounds

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
っちゅ
Grade: 1
kun’yomi

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /t̚t͡ɕu/

Noun

(っちゅ) (tchu) 

  1. person
  2. human
Derived terms

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
ぴとぅ
Grade: 1
kun’yomi

Noun

(ぴとぅ) (pitu) 

  1. people
  2. person
Derived terms
  • 八重山(いぇーやま)(ぴとぅ) (yēyamapitu): Yaeyamans, Yaeyama people

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
にん
Grade: 1
on’yomi

Noun

(にん) (nin) 

  1. person; type of person
Derived terms

Counter

(にん) (-nin) 

  1. counter for number of people
Derived terms

Etymology 4

Kanji in this term

Grade: 1
kun’yomi

Counter

() (-i) 

  1. counter for number of people
Derived terms

Etymology 5

Kanji in this term
たい
Grade: 1
kun’yomi

Counter

(たい) (-tai) 

  1. counter for number of people
Derived terms

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term

Han character

: Hán Việt readings: nhân ((như)(lân)(thiết))[1][2]
: Nôm readings: nhơn[1][2][3][4], nhân[1][4], người[1]

  1. (Northern Vietnam) chữ Hán form of nhân (human).
  2. (Southern Vietnam) chữ Hán form of nhơn (human).

Compounds

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References

  1. Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  2. Trần (2004).
  3. Bonet (1899).
  4. Génibrel (1898).

Yaeyama

Kanji

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Readings

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Pronunciation

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Noun

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  1. person
  2. human

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Yonaguni

Kanji

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Readings

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Pronunciation

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Noun

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  1. person
  2. human

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