抑

See also: 印

抑	U+6291, 抑 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6291

← 抐
[U+6290]

CJK Unified Ideographs

抒 →
[U+6292]

Translingual

Han character

抑 (Kangxi radical 64, 手+4, 7 strokes, cangjie input 手竹女中 (QHVL), four-corner 5702₀, composition ⿰扌卬)

Derived characters

𠳑

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 421, character 9

Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 11883

Dae Jaweon: page 768, character 9

Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1841, character 7

Unihan data for U+6291

Chinese

simp. and trad.		抑
alternative forms		印𢬃𢫽𠨔𢮮

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 抑
Shang	Western Zhou	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Pictogram (象形) : A hand suppressing a kneeling person. For contrast, see 印 (yìn).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): yì (yi⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄧˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): jik¹
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): ya
Eastern Min (BUC): ék
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): iak / ek / iah / ah / ia̍h / a̍h / á
Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): ⁷iq

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: yì
  - Zhuyin: ㄧˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: yì
  - Wade–Giles: i⁴
  - Yale: yì
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yih
  - Palladius: и (i)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /i⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: jik¹
  - Yale: yīk
  - Cantonese Pinyin: jik⁷
  - Guangdong Romanization: yig¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jɪk̚⁵/
Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ya
  - Hakka Romanization System: ia
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ya⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /i̯a⁵⁵/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ya
  - Hakka Romanization System: (r)ia
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ya⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯a⁵⁵/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: ék
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɛiʔ²⁴/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iak
  - Tâi-lô: iak
  - Phofsit Daibuun: iag
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /iak̚⁵/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ek
  - Tâi-lô: ik
  - Phofsit Daibuun: eg
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung, Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /iɪk̚³²/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iah
  - Tâi-lô: iah
  - Phofsit Daibuun: iaq
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /iaʔ³²/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ah
  - Tâi-lô: ah
  - Phofsit Daibuun: aq
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /aʔ³²/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ia̍h
  - Tâi-lô: ia̍h
  - Phofsit Daibuun: iah
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /iaʔ⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: a̍h
  - Tâi-lô: a̍h
  - Phofsit Daibuun: ah
  - IPA (Xiamen): /aʔ⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /aʔ¹²¹/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: á
  - Tâi-lô: á
  - Phofsit Daibuun: ar
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /a⁵⁵⁴/

Note:

iak/ek - literary;
iah/ah/ia̍h/á - vernacular;
a̍h - vernacular (“then”).

Wu
- (Shanghai):
  - Wugniu: ⁷iq
  - MiniDict: ih^入
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ⁴iq
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /iɪʔ⁵⁵/

Middle Chinese: 'ik

Rime
Character	抑
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	影 (34)
Final (韻)	職 (134)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	於力切
Baxter	'ik
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʔɨk̚/
Pan Wuyun	/ʔɨk̚/
Shao Rongfen	/ʔiek̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʔik̚/
Li Rong	/ʔiək̚/
Wang Li	/ĭək̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/ʔi̯ək̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yi
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jik¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[ʔ](r)ik/

(Zhengzhang): /*qɯɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	抑	抑
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yì	yì
Middle Chinese	‹ ʔik ›	‹ ʔik ›
Old Chinese	/*[ʔ](r)ik/	/*[ʔ](r)ik/
English	and, but, or	rub, repress
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	抑
Reading #	1/1
No.	15013
Phonetic component	抑
Rime group	職
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	憶
Old Chinese	/*qɯɡ/
Notes	説文從反印

Definitions

抑

to press down; to keep down
to repress; to suppress; to restrain; to restrict
to hinder; to hamper; to obstruct
to lower (one's head); to look down
deep; low-pitched
sulky; depressed
(Eastern Min) muggy; sultry; humid
or (linking alternatives)
furthermore; moreover; also
however; but
(literary or Xiamen Hokkien) then; and (used to connect two clauses or adjectives)
Meaningless sentence-initial particle.
a surname

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 還是 (“or”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		抑, 或
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		抑或, 還是
Mandarin	Taiwan	還是
	Yangzhou	還是
	Singapore	還是
Cantonese	Guangzhou	定係, 定
	Hong Kong	定係, 定, 抑或, 抑或係, 定抑或, 定抑或係, 還是, 定還是, 定還是係
	Taishan	毋, 毋又, 抑或
	Singapore (Guangfu)	定, 定係
Gan	Nanchang	還是
Hakka	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	還係, 也係
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	還係, 也係
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	還係, 也係
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	還係, 也係
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	還係, 也係
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	抑係
Huizhou	Jixi	還是
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	故是
Southern Min	Xiamen	抑是, 抑
	Quanzhou	抑是, 抑
	Zhangzhou	抑是, 抑
	Taipei	抑是
	Penang (Hokkien)	抑是
	Singapore (Hokkien)	抑是
	Manila (Hokkien)	抑是
	Chaozhou	抑是
	Singapore (Teochew)	抑是
Wu	Shanghai	還是
Xiang	Loudi	還是

(and): 而 (ér)

Compounds

冤抑
勒抑 (lèyì)
務本抑末／务本抑末
壓抑／压抑 (yāyì)
崇本抑末
平抑
怒不可抑
怨抑
悲不可抑
愊抑
抑且
抑制 (yìzhì)
抑制栽培
抑割
抑勒
抑塞
抑塞磊落
抑威餌敵／抑威饵敌
扶弱抑強／扶弱抑强
抑強扶弱／抑强扶弱 (yìqiángfúruò)
抑惡揚善／抑恶扬善
抑或 (yìhuò)
抑抑
抑揚／抑扬 (yìyáng)
抑揚頓挫／抑扬顿挫 (yìyángdùncuò)
抑損／抑损
抑搔
抑是 (yìshì)
抑止 (yìzhǐ)
抑災／抑灾
抑遏
抑鬱／抑郁 (yìyù)
抑鬱寡歡／抑郁寡欢
掩抑
揚清抑濁／扬清抑浊
擠抑／挤抑
沉抑 (chényì)
諂上抑下／谄上抑下
謙抑／谦抑 (qiānyì)
貶抑／贬抑 (biǎnyì)
遏抑 (èyì)
頓挫抑揚／顿挫抑扬
鬱抑／郁抑 (yùyì)

Japanese

Kanji

抑

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

suppress

Readings

Go-on: おく (oku)
Kan-on: よく (yoku, Jōyō)
Kun: おさえる (osaeru, 抑える, Jōyō); そもそも (somosomo, 抑)

Definitions

Kanji in this term
抑
そもそも Grade: S
kun’yomi

For pronunciation and definitions of 抑 – see the following entry.

【そもそも】

[conjunction] in the first place, to begin with, (in a question) at all

Alternative spellings
抑々, 抑も

(This term, 抑, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Korean

Hanja

抑 • (eok) (hangeul 억, revised eok, McCune–Reischauer ŏk, Yale ek)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

抑: Hán Nôm readings: ức, ực

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

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