憶

See also: 忆

憶	U+61B6, 憶 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-61B6

← 憵
[U+61B5]

CJK Unified Ideographs

憷 →
[U+61B7]

Translingual

Han character

憶 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+13, 16 strokes, cangjie input 心卜廿心 (PYTP), four-corner 9003₆, composition ⿰忄意)

Derived characters

𬟔

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 404, character 33

Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 11295

Dae Jaweon: page 744, character 27

Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2362, character 13

Unihan data for U+61B6

Chinese

trad.		憶
simp.		忆

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (意) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
噫	qrɯːɡs, qɯ
譩	qɯ, qɯʔ, *qɯl
醷	qɯʔ, qɯɡ
意	*qɯɡs
鷾	*qɯɡs
憶	*qɯɡ
億	*qɯɡ
臆	*qɯɡ
繶	*qɯɡ
澺	*qɯɡ
薏	*qɯɡ
檍	*qɯɡ
癔	*qɯɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qɯɡ) : semantic 心 (“heart”) + phonetic 意 (OC *qɯɡs, “thought”).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): yì (yi⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄧˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): jik¹
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): yi

(Meixian, Guangdong): yid⁵
Northern Min (KCR): i̿
Eastern Min (BUC): é
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): it / ek / iak

(Teochew, Peng'im): êg⁸ / i³

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: yì
  - Zhuyin: ㄧˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: yì
  - Wade–Giles: i⁴
  - Yale: yì
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yih
  - Palladius: и (i)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /i⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: jik¹
  - Yale: yīk
  - Cantonese Pinyin: jik⁷
  - Guangdong Romanization: yig¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jɪk̚⁵/
Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yi
  - Hakka Romanization System: i
  - Hagfa Pinyim: yi⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /i⁵⁵/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yi
  - Hakka Romanization System: (r)i
  - Hagfa Pinyim: yi⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /(j)i⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: yid⁵
  - Sinological IPA: /it̚¹/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: i̿
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /i³³/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: é
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɛi²¹³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: it
  - Tâi-lô: it
  - Phofsit Daibuun: id
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /it̚⁵/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /it̚³²/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ek
  - Tâi-lô: ik
  - Phofsit Daibuun: eg
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /iɪk̚³²/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Jinjiang)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iak
  - Tâi-lô: iak
  - Phofsit Daibuun: iag
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /iak̚⁵/

Note:

it - vernacular;
ek/iak - literary.

- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: êg⁸ / i³
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: e̍k / ì
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ek̚⁴/, /i²¹³/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 憶
Mandarin	Beijing	/i⁵¹/
	Harbin	/i⁵³/
	Tianjin	/i⁵³/
	Jinan	/i²¹/
	Qingdao	/i⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/i³¹²/
	Xi'an	/i⁴⁴/
	Xining	/ji²¹³/
	Yinchuan	/i¹³/
	Lanzhou	/i¹³/
	Ürümqi	/i²¹³/
	Wuhan	/i³⁵/
	Chengdu	/i¹³/
	Guiyang	/i²¹³/
	Kunming	/i²¹²/
	Nanjing	/i⁴⁴/
	Hefei	/zz̩⁵³/
Jin	Taiyuan	/iəʔ²/
	Pingyao	/i³⁵/
	Hohhot	/i⁵⁵/
Wu	Shanghai	/i³⁵/
	Suzhou	/i⁵¹³/
	Hangzhou	/ʔi⁴⁴⁵/
	Wenzhou	/j̠i⁴²/
Hui	Shexian	/i³²⁴/
Hui	Tunxi	/i¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/i⁵⁵/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/i⁵⁵/
Gan	Nanchang	/i⁴⁵/
Hakka	Meixian	/it̚¹/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/ʒï⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/jek̚⁵/
	Nanning	/jek̚⁵⁵/
	Hong Kong	/jek̚⁵/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/ik̚³²/ /it̚³²/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/ɛiʔ²³/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/i³³/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/ek̚⁵/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/it̚⁵/ /i⁵⁵/

Middle Chinese: 'ik

Rime
Character	憶
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	影 (34)
Final (韻)	職 (134)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	於力切
Baxter	'ik
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʔɨk̚/
Pan Wuyun	/ʔɨk̚/
Shao Rongfen	/ʔiek̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʔik̚/
Li Rong	/ʔiək̚/
Wang Li	/ĭək̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/ʔi̯ək̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yi
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jik¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*ʔ(r)ək/

(Zhengzhang): /*qɯɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	憶
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yì
Middle Chinese	‹ ʔik ›
Old Chinese	/*ʔ(r)ək/
English	remember
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	憶
Reading #	1/1
No.	15156
Phonetic component	意
Rime group	職
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	憶
Old Chinese	/*qɯɡ/

Definitions

憶

to recall; to recollect; to think back; to remember
回憶／回忆 ― huíyì ― to reminisce
to bear in mind; to memorize; to remember
記憶／记忆 ― jìyì ― to remember
memory
回憶／回忆 ― huíyì ― memory

Synonyms

(to recall):

回味 (huíwèi) (to recall something and ponder it)
回念 (huíniàn)
回想 (huíxiǎng)
回憶／回忆 (huíyì)
回溯 (huísù)
回顧／回顾 (huígù)
回首 (huíshǒu)
思古 (sīgǔ) (literary, to be nostalgic for antiquity)
感念 (gǎnniàn) (to recall fondly)
感懷／感怀 (gǎnhuái) (to recall with emotion)
想起 (xiǎngqǐ)
憶想／忆想 (yìxiǎng)
懷古／怀古 (huáigǔ) (literary, to be nostalgic for antiquity)
浮想 (fúxiǎng)
留戀／留恋 (liúliàn) (to recall with nostalgia)
緬想／缅想 (miǎnxiǎng)
緬懷／缅怀 (miǎnhuái) (to cherish the memory of, especially the deceased)
記／记 (jì)
記得／记得 (jìde)
記憶／记忆 (jìyì)
記起／记起 (jìqǐ)
諗起／谂起 (nam² hei²) (Cantonese)
追 (literary, or in compounds)
追念 (zhuīniàn)
追思 (zhuīsī) (especially the deceased)
追想 (zhuīxiǎng)
追憶／追忆 (zhuīyì)
追懷／追怀 (zhuīhuái)
遙想／遥想 (yáoxiǎng)

Compounds

主記憶體／主记忆体
回憶／回忆 (huíyì)
回憶錄／回忆录 (huíyìlù)
失憶症／失忆症 (shīyìzhèng)
愊憶／愊忆
憂憶／忧忆
憶念／忆念
緬憶／缅忆
苦憶／苦忆
行思坐憶／行思坐忆
記憶／记忆 (jìyì)
記憶力／记忆力 (jìyìlì)
記憶單元／记忆单元
記憶容量／记忆容量
記憶猶新／记忆犹新 (jìyìyóuxīn)
記憶體／记忆体 (jìyìtǐ)
追憶／追忆 (zhuīyì)
遙憶／遥忆
陶庵夢憶／陶庵梦忆

Japanese

Shinjitai	憶
Kyūjitai [1]	憶󠄂 憶+`󠄂`^? (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho)
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Kanji

憶

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

to think, to consider, to believe

Readings

Go-on: おく (oku, Jōyō)
Kan-on: よく (yoku)
Kun: おぼえる (oboeru, 憶える)^{←おぼゆ (oboyu, 憶ゆ, historical)}; おもう (omou, 憶う)^{←おもふ (omofu, 憶ふ, historical)}
Nanori: ぞう (zō)

Etymology

Kanji in this term
憶
おく Grade: S
kan’on

From Middle Chinese 憶 (MC 'ik).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [o̞kɯ̟ᵝ]

Affix

憶(おく) • (oku)

to recall; to remember
to guess; to conjecture

References

Haga, Gōtarō (1914) 漢和大辞書 [The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Fourth edition, Tōkyō: Kōbunsha, →DOI, page 901 (paper), page 500 (digital)

Korean

Hanja

憶 • (eok) (hangeul 억, revised eok, McCune–Reischauer ŏk, Yale ek)

remember
reflect upon
memory

Vietnamese

Han character

憶: Hán Nôm readings: ức

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Zhuang

Noun

憶

Sawndip form of aek (“chest; breast; thorax”)

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[1] Haga, Gōtarō (1914) 漢和大辞書 [The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Fourth edition, Tōkyō: Kōbunsha, →DOI, page 901 (paper), page 500 (digital)