See also: and
U+751F, 生
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-751F

[U+751E]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+7520]
U+2F63, ⽣
KANGXI RADICAL LIFE

[U+2F62]
Kangxi Radicals
[U+2F64]

Translingual

Stroke order (Chinese)
5 strokes
Stroke order
(Chinese)
Stroke order
(Japan)

Han character

(Kangxi radical 100, 生+0, 5 strokes, cangjie input 竹手一 (HQM), four-corner 25100, composition 𠂉)

  1. Kangxi radical #100, .
  2. Shuowen Jiezi radical №215

Derived characters

See also

Further reading

Wikisource

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 754, character 26
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 21670
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1162, character 4
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2575, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+751F

Chinese

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts

Ideogrammic compound (會意会意) : (bud) + (ground)sprouting from the ground.

Etymology 1

simp. and trad.
alternative forms 𤯓

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-riŋ ~ s-r(j)aŋ (to live; to be alive; to give birth; raw; green). Cognate with Burmese ရှင် (hrang, to live; alive), Mizo hring (to bear; to bring forth; to give birth to; green).

Schuessler (2007) proposes that Proto-Sino-Tibetan *sriŋ is derived from the root *sri (to exist) (whence possibly Chinese (OC *r̥ʰiːʔ, “body; shape; form”)) + * (terminative suffix).

Both level tone and falling tone readings are found in Middle Chinese, but the latter has since been lost and is merged into the level-tone reading in modern dialects.

Related to (OC *sʰleːŋ, “blue-green”), (OC *sʰaːŋ, *sʰaːŋʔ, “dark blue; deep green”).

Derivatives: (OC *sleŋs, “nature; character; personality; quality”), (OC *sleŋs, “family name”).

Pronunciation 1


Note:
  • saang1 - colloquial;
  • sang1 - literary.

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location
Mandarin Beijing /ʂəŋ⁵⁵/
Harbin /ʂəŋ⁴/
Tianjin /səŋ²¹/
Jinan /ʂəŋ²¹³/
Qingdao /ʂəŋ²¹³/
Zhengzhou /səŋ²⁴/
Xi'an /səŋ²¹/
Xining /sə̃⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /səŋ⁴⁴/
Lanzhou /ʂə̃n³¹/
Ürümqi /sɤŋ⁴⁴/
Wuhan /sən⁵⁵/
Chengdu /sən⁵⁵/
Guiyang /sen⁵⁵/
Kunming /sə̃⁴⁴/
Nanjing /sən³¹/
Hefei /sən²¹/
Jin Taiyuan /səŋ¹¹/
Pingyao /səŋ¹³/
/ʂʐ̩e̞¹³/
Hohhot /sə̃ŋ³¹/
Wu Shanghai /səŋ⁵³/
Suzhou /sã⁵⁵/
Hangzhou /sen³³/
Wenzhou /siɛ³³/
Hui Shexian /sʌ̃³¹/
/sɛ³¹/
Tunxi /ɕiɛ¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /sən³³/
Xiangtan /siẽ³³/
/sən³³/
Gan Nanchang /sɑŋ⁴²/
/sɛn⁴²/ ~意
Hakka Meixian /saŋ⁴⁴/
Taoyuan /sɑŋ²⁴/
Cantonese Guangzhou /sɐŋ⁵³/
/saŋ⁵³/
Nanning /saŋ⁵⁵/
Hong Kong /sɐŋ⁵⁵/
/saŋ⁵⁵/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /siŋ⁵⁵/
/sĩ⁵⁵/ ~死
/t͡sʰĩ⁵⁵/ ~肉
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /saŋ⁴⁴/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /saiŋ⁵⁴/ 學~
/t͡sʰaŋ⁵⁴/ ~熟
Shantou (Teochew) /seŋ³³/
/sẽ³³/
/t͡sʰẽ³³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /seŋ²³/
/sɔŋ²³/
/tɛ²³/ ~活
/sɛ²³/ 不熟

Rime
Character
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Initial () (21) (21)
Final () (109) (109)
Tone (調) Level (Ø) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open Open
Division () II II
Fanqie
Baxter sraeng sraengH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/ʃˠæŋ/ /ʃˠæŋH/
Pan
Wuyun
/ʃᵚaŋ/ /ʃᵚaŋH/
Shao
Rongfen
/ʃaŋ/ /ʃaŋH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/ʂaɨjŋ/ /ʂaɨjŋH/
Li
Rong
/ʃɐŋ/ /ʃɐŋH/
Wang
Li
/ʃɐŋ/ /ʃɐŋH/
Bernard
Karlgren
/ʂɐŋ/ /ʂɐŋH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
shēng shèng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
sang1 sang3
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/3 2/3 3/3
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
shēng shēng shēng
Middle
Chinese
‹ sræng › ‹ sræng › ‹ srjæng ›
Old
Chinese
/*sreŋ/ (MC srj- > sr-; or *s.reŋ ?) /*sreŋ/ /*sreŋ/ (or *s.reŋ ?)
English bear, be born; live fresh, raw bear, be born; live

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/2 2/2
No. 11312 11322
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
0 0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*sʰleːŋ/ /*sreŋs/

Definitions

  1. to live; to subsist; to exist
  2. to grow; to develop; to bud
  3. (transitive) to bear; to give birth; to bring up; to rear
    妻子雙胞胎女孩 [MSC, trad.]
    妻子双胞胎女孩 [MSC, simp.]
    Tā qīzǐ shēng le yī duì shuāngbāotāi nǚhái. [Pinyin]
    His wife gave birth to twin girls.
  4. to be born; to come into existence
    中國中国   shēng zài zhōngguó.   He was born in China.
  5. (dialectal) to lay (an egg)
    [Cantonese]   saang1 daan6-2 [Jyutping]   to lay eggs
  6. pupil; disciple; student
    作為全日制必須定期上課 [MSC, trad.]
    作为全日制必须定期上课 [MSC, simp.]
    Nǐ zuòwèi quánrìzhì shēng bìxū dìngqī shàngkè. [Pinyin]
    As a full-time student, you should attend classes on a regular basis.
  7. (historical) scholar; Confucian scholar
  8. (opera) actor or male character
  9. Short for 先生 (xiānshēng, “gentleman”).
    1. (Cantonese, honorific, suffix) Short for 先生 (xiānshēng, “Mr.”).
      [Cantonese]   can4 saang1 [Jyutping]   Mr. Chan
  10. having life; live
    Synonym:
    規矩 [Cantonese, trad.]
    规矩 [Cantonese, simp.]
    kwai1 geoi2 hai6 sei2 ge3, jan4 hai6 saang1 ge3. [Jyutping]
    Rules are lifeless; humans are not.
    啱啱 [Cantonese, trad.]
    啱啱 [Cantonese, simp.]
    tiu4 jyu4-2 ngaam1 ngaam1 hai2 tiu4 ho4 dou6 diu3 soeng5 lai4, zung6 hai6 saang1 ge3. [Jyutping]
    The fish was just caught with a hook and line from the river. It is still alive.
  11. life; existence; being; living
       shāshēng   to destroy a life
  12. fresh; not stale
  13. unripe
  14. raw; uncooked
    Antonym: (shú)
    洋蔥洋葱   shēng yángcōng   raw onions
    覺得仲係 [Cantonese, trad.]
    觉得仲系 [Cantonese, simp.]
    ngo5 gok3 dak1 ni1 faai3 juk6 zung6 hai6 taai3 saang1. [Jyutping]
    I think this piece of meat is too raw.
  15. (historical ethnography) uncultured; uncultivated; wild; uncivilized; savage
       shēng   wild Li
  16. strange; unfamiliar
       shēngrén   stranger
  17. mechanically; forcedly
  18. very; quite; extremely
       shēng   to fear; to be afraid of
  19. vivid; strong; forceful
  20. innate; natural; born with
  21. The template Template:zh-original does not use the parameter(s):
    gloss=[[intelligence]]; [[natural]] [[endowment]]
    Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.
    Original form of (xìng).
  22. living things; organism
  23. livelihood; subsistence
       móushēng   to make a living
  24. lifetime; all one's life
       láishēng   afterlife
  25. birthday; anniversary
       qìngshēng   to celebrate one's birthday
  26. to bring back to life; to revive; to rescue
  27. to generate; to breed; to create
  28. to manufacture; to produce
  29. to happen; to occur; to take place
  30. to catch (a disease)
    什麼什么   shēng le shénme bìng?   What disease have I got?
    [Hokkien]   seⁿ-chôa [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]   to have shingles
  31. (transitive) to be infested by a parasite
    跳蚤   shēng tiàozǎo   to be infested with fleas
    蝨乸虱乸 [Cantonese]   saang1 sat1 naa2 [Jyutping]   to be infested with lice
  32. (Buddhism) to go into society; to be reincarnated
  33. (dialectal) to set up; to put in; to settle
  34. to light; to ignite (a fire)
    母親爐子 [MSC, trad.]
    母亲炉子 [MSC, simp.]
    Mǔqīn méi yǒu shēng lúzi. [Pinyin]
    Mother did not light the stove.
  35. a surname
Synonyms
Antonyms
  • (antonym(s) of uncultured): (shú)

Pronunciation 2


Definitions

  1. (Cantonese) Only used in 架生

Etymology 2

simp. and trad.

From Mandarin .

Pronunciation


Definitions

  1. (music) Cantonese opera gongche notation for the note high do (1̇).
    Synonym: (shàng) (Kunqu)

Etymology 3

simp. and trad.

Phono-semantic matching of Japanese さん (-san).

Pronunciation


Definitions

  1. (Hong Kong, honorific, suffix) -san, when referring to a Japanese person
Synonyms

Compounds

Descendants

Sino-Xenic ():

References

Japanese

Stroke order (Japan)
5 strokes
Stroke order
(Japan)

Kanji

(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

Compounds

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
なま
Grade: 1
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese. Numerous derivatives already in use in the Heian period.[1][2]

Pronunciation

Noun

(なま) • (nama) 

  1. a raw, uncooked state
    (にく)(なま)のまま()べると、(はら)(こわ)すことがある。
    Niku o nama no mama taberu to, hara o kowasu koto ga aru.
    You may have a stomachache if you eat raw meat.
  2. Short for 生ビール (draft beer).

Prefix

(なま) • (nama-) 

  1. (broadcasting) live
    (なま)演奏(えんそう)
    namaensō
    live performance
  2. fresh, draft
    (なま)クリーム
    nama kurīmu
    fresh cream
    (なま)ビール
    nama bīru
    draft beer
  3. raw, uncooked, rare
    (なま)(たまご)
    nama tamago
    a raw egg
  4. natural, unprocessed

Derived terms

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
せい
Grade: 1
kan’on

From Middle Chinese (MC sraeng|sraengH, “alive; fresh; raw; unprocessed”). The 漢音 (kan'on) reading, so likely a later borrowing from Middle Chinese.

Pronunciation

Noun

(せい) • (sei) 

  1. a living
    (せい)(いとな)
    sei o itonamu
    make a living
  2. life
    Synonym: (inochi)
    (せい)(よろこ)
    sei no yorokobi
    the joys of life

Pronoun

(せい) • (sei) 

  1. (humble) I or me, the first person singular (used by males)

Suffix

(せい) • (-sei) 

  1. a student
    中学(ちゅうがく)(せい)大学(だいがく)(せい)受験(じゅけん)(せい)
    chūgakusei, daigakusei, jukensei
    middle-school student, university student, test-taking student → examinee
  2. (be) born in
    Antonym: 歿 (botsu, died in)
    1950(せんきゅうひゃくごじゅう)(ねん)(せい)
    sen-kyūhyaku-gojū-nen sei
    born in 1950

Derived terms

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term

Grade: 1
kun’yomi

Likely a contraction from 生き (iki, life, living; freshness).[1]

Pronunciation

Noun

() • (ki) 

  1. purity, a lack of any admixture, a state of being undiluted
    ウィスキーを()()
    wisukī o ki de nomu
    drink whiskey straight

Prefix

() • (ki-) 

  1. unrefined
    ()(いと)
    kiito
    raw silk
  2. pure, undefiled, unadulterated
    ()(むすめ)
    kimusume
    innocent young girl

Derived terms

Etymology 4

Kanji in this term
しょう
Grade: 1
goon

From Middle Chinese (MC sraeng|sraengH). The 呉音 (goon) reading, so likely the initial borrowing from Middle Chinese.

Pronunciation

Affix

(しょう) • (shō) 

  1. life; lifetime
Derived terms

See also

  • Appendix:Gikun Usage in Meiji Version of Japanese Bible/生

References

  1. Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese (MC sraeng|sraengH).

Historical readings

Pronunciation

Hanja

Wikisource (eumhun (nal saeng))

  1. Hanja form? of (raw; uncooked).
  2. Hanja form? of (of life; to be born).
  3. Hanja form? of (to produce).

Compounds

References

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典.

Okinawan

Kanji

(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

  • On (unclassified): そー ()
  • Kun: っんまりゆん ('nmariyun, 生まりゆん); なすん (nasun, 生すん); いちちゅん (ichichun, 生ちちゅん); いかすん (ikasun, 生かすん)

Compounds

Vietnamese

Han character

: Hán Việt readings: sinh[1][2][3][4], sanh (()(canh)(thiết))[3][4]
: Nôm readings: sanh[1][2][5][4][6][7], siêng[1][3][5][4][6][7], sinh[1][2][3][4][7], xinh[1][2][3][5], xênh[1][3][5], sống[1], xanh[1]

  1. chữ Hán form of sinh (to produce; to yield; to give birth to).
  2. chữ Hán form of sanh (to be born).
  3. Nôm form of siêng (diligent; assiduous).

Compounds

References

  1. Nguyễn (2014).
  2. Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. Trần (2004).
  4. Bonet (1899).
  5. Hồ (1976).
  6. Génibrel (1898).
  7. Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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