長

See also: 表, 长, 衣, and 튽
長 U+9577, 長
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9577
← 镶
[U+9576] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 镸 →
[U+9578]
⾧ U+2FA7, ⾧
KANGXI RADICAL LONG
← ⾦
[U+2FA6] 		Kangxi Radicals ⾨ →
[U+2FA8]
⻑ U+2ED1, ⻑
CJK RADICAL LONG ONE
← ⻐
[U+2ED0] 		CJK Radicals Supplement ⻒ →
[U+2ED2]

Translingual
Stroke order
8 strokes
Stroke order

Alternative forms
  • 镸 (when used as a radical)

Han character

長 (Kangxi radical 168, 長+0, 8 strokes, cangjie input 尸一女 (SMV), four-corner 71732, composition ⿱⿺丄三⿰𠄌⿺乀丿(GJKV) or ⿸⿱⿺丄三𠄌⿺乀丿(HT) or ⿱⿰丨三⿸𰀀⿺乀丿(HT))

  1. Kangxi radical #168, ⾧.

Derived characters

See also

References
  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1328, character 7
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 41100
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1829, character 11
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4050, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+9577

Chinese
trad. 長
simp. 长

Glyph origin
Historical forms of the character 長
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series (長) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
張 *taŋ, *taŋs
餦 *taŋ
粻 *taŋ
漲 *taŋ, *taŋʔ, *taŋs
長 *taŋʔ, *daŋ, *daŋs
脹 *taŋs
痮 *taŋs
帳 *taŋs
賬 *taŋs
倀 *tʰaŋ, *rtaːŋs
鼚 *tʰaŋ
鋹 *tʰaŋʔ
悵 *tʰaŋs
韔 *tʰaŋs
萇 *daŋ
瓺 *daŋ, *daŋs
棖 *rdaːŋ
掁 *rdaːŋ

Pictogram (象形) – originally long hair; compare 彡.

Etymology

Three pronunciations below are cognate, all derived from the original root of 張 (*traŋ, “to make long; to stretch; to string a bow”).

Pronunciation 1 ("long") is the endopassive derivative ("be extended, be stretched"), with intransitive voicing. The lack of Tibeto-Burman cognates with the same meaning indicate that this is a Chinese innovation. Pronunciation 2 ("to grow") is the endoactive derivative. The different pronunciations are one of the few instances of contemporary grammatical tone in Mandarin.

See 張 for more.

Pronunciation 1

Note:
  • dòng - colloquial;
  • diòng - literary.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 長 (長短)
Mandarin Beijing /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵/
Harbin /ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ²⁴/
Tianjin /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁴⁵/
/t͡sʰɑŋ⁴⁵/
Jinan /ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ⁴²/
Qingdao /tʃʰaŋ⁴²/
Zhengzhou /ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ⁴²/
Xi'an /ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ²⁴/
Xining /ʈ͡ʂʰɔ̃²⁴/
Yinchuan /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵³/
Lanzhou /ʈ͡ʂʰɑ̃⁵³/
Ürümqi /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵¹/
Wuhan /t͡sʰaŋ²¹³/
Chengdu /t͡sʰaŋ³¹/
Guiyang /t͡sʰaŋ²¹/
Kunming /ʈ͡ʂʰã̠¹/
Nanjing /ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ²⁴/
Hefei /ʈ͡ʂʰɑ̃⁵⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /t͡sʰɒ̃¹¹/
Pingyao /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ¹³/
/t͡suə¹³/
Hohhot /t͡sʰɑ̃³¹/
Wu Shanghai /zã²³/
Suzhou /zã¹³/
Hangzhou /d͡zɑŋ²¹³/
Wenzhou /d͡ʑi³¹/
Hui Shexian /t͡ɕʰia⁴⁴/
Tunxi /t͡ɕiau⁴⁴/
Xiang Changsha /ʈ͡ʂan¹³/
Xiangtan /ɖ͡ʐɔn¹²/
Gan Nanchang /t͡sʰɔŋ²⁴/
Hakka Meixian /t͡sʰoŋ¹¹/
Taoyuan /tʃʰoŋ¹¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /t͡sʰœŋ²¹/
Nanning /t͡sʰœŋ²¹/
Hong Kong /t͡sʰœŋ²¹/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /tiɔŋ³⁵/
/tŋ̍³⁵/
/t͡sʰiaŋ³⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /touŋ⁵³/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /tɔŋ²¹/
Shantou (Teochew) /t͡siaŋ⁵⁵/
/tɯŋ⁵⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /siaŋ³¹/
/ʔdo³¹/
Rime
Character 長
Reading # 1/3
Initial (聲) 澄 (11)
Final (韻) 陽 (105)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 直良切
Baxter drjang
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /ɖɨɐŋ/
Pan
Wuyun		 /ɖiɐŋ/
Shao
Rongfen		 /ȡiɑŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /ɖɨaŋ/
Li
Rong		 /ȡiaŋ/
Wang
Li		 /ȡĭaŋ/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /ȡʱi̯aŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 cháng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		 coeng4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 長
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 cháng
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ drjang ›
Old
Chinese		 /*Cə-[N]-traŋ/
English long (adj.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 長
Reading # 2/3
No. 1276
Phonetic
component		 長
Rime
group		 陽
Rime
subdivision		 0
Corresponding
MC rime		 長
Old
Chinese		 /*daŋ/

Definitions

長

  1. long (of distance)
    長征／长征  ―  chángzhēng  ―  Long March
  2. length
    全長／全长  ―  quáncháng  ―  full length (of a river)
  3. long (in space); far; distant
  4. long (of time); lasting
  5. everlasting; permanent
  6. constantly; frequently
    See also: 常
  7. straight; perfectly straight
  8. upright; right; good; fine
  9. strength; advantage; merit
  10. skill; specialism
  11. to excel in
  12. (Mainland China Hokkien) to take advantage of someone
  13. (Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) segment of time or object
    分做兩長 [Hokkien, trad.]
    分做两长 [Hokkien, simp.]
    hun chòe nn̄g tn̂g [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
    to divide into two segments
  14. (Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) regularly; often; frequently
  15. a surname

Compounds

Descendants
Sino-Xenic (長):

Pronunciation 2

Note:
  • tióng/tiáng - literary;
  • tiúⁿ/tióⁿ/tiáuⁿ - vernacular ("leader");
  • chiáng - colloquial ("to grow", limited).
    Note:
    • ziang2 - "leader", "grow", "senior";
    • dion2 - dialectal usage ("manager of shops").
      • Wu
        • (Shanghai):
          • Wugniu: 5tsan
          • MiniDict: tsan去
          • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): 2tsan
          • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡sã³⁴/
Rime
Character 長
Reading # 2/3
Initial (聲) 知 (9)
Final (韻) 陽 (105)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 知丈切
Baxter trjangX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /ʈɨɐŋX/
Pan
Wuyun		 /ʈiɐŋX/
Shao
Rongfen		 /ȶiɑŋX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /ʈɨaŋX/
Li
Rong		 /ȶiaŋX/
Wang
Li		 /ȶĭaŋX/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /ȶi̯aŋX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 zhǎng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		 zoeng2
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 長
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 zhǎng
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ trjangX ›
Old
Chinese		 /*traŋʔ/
English grow; elder

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 長
Reading # 1/3
No. 1263
Phonetic
component		 長
Rime
group		 陽
Rime
subdivision		 0
Corresponding
MC rime		 長
Old
Chinese		 /*taŋʔ/

Definitions

長

  1. to begin to grow; to grow; to develop
    長大／长大  ―  zhǎngdà  ―  to grow old
    我家的樹長得很健康。 [MSC, trad.]
    我家的树长得很健康。 [MSC, simp.]
    Wǒ jiā de shù zhǎng dé hěn jiànkāng. [Pinyin]
    The tree in my house is growing healthily.
  2. (transitive, with 得 (de), of a person's appearance) to look; to appear
    他長得很像他爸爸。 [MSC, trad.]
    他长得很像他爸爸。 [MSC, simp.]
    Tā zhǎng de hěn xiàng tā bàbà. [Pinyin]
    He looks a lot like his dad.
    他長得又高又帥。 [MSC, trad.]
    他长得又高又帅。 [MSC, simp.]
    Tā zhǎng de yòu gāo yòu shuài. [Pinyin]
    He is tall and handsome.
  3. (transitive) to increase; to enhance
  4. (intransitive) to increase; to go up
    See also: 漲
  5. to nourish
  6. old (of age)
    年長／年长  ―  niánzhǎng  ―  senior
  7. senior; elder
    兄長／兄长  ―  xiōngzhǎng  ―  elder brother
  8. leader; master; chief; head
  9. eldest; oldest
  10. to exalt; to honor
  11. to wield; to be in control of
Synonyms
Dialectal synonyms of 長 (“(of an organism) to grow; to develop”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 生, 長
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 長
Mandarin Taiwan 長
Yantai (Muping) 生
Jinan 長
Wanrong 長
Xi'an 長
Ürümqi 生
Wuhan 長
Guilin 長
Yangzhou 生
Singapore 長
Cantonese Guangzhou 生
Hong Kong 生
Dongguan 生
Gan Lichuan 長
Pingxiang 生
Hakka Meixian 生
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 生
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 生
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 生
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 生
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 生
Jin Taiyuan 長
Eastern Min Fuzhou 生
Southern Min Xiamen 生
Quanzhou 生
Zhangzhou 生
Taipei 生 GT
Singapore (Hokkien) 生
Shantou 生
Jieyang 生
Leizhou 生
Haikou 生
Wu Suzhou 長
Ningbo 生
Wenzhou 生
Jinhua 生
Xiang Loudi 生
Note GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)

Compounds

Descendants
Sino-Xenic (長):

Pronunciation 3

Rime
Character 長
Reading # 3/3
Initial (聲) 澄 (11)
Final (韻) 陽 (105)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 直亮切
Baxter drjangH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /ɖɨɐŋH/
Pan
Wuyun		 /ɖiɐŋH/
Shao
Rongfen		 /ȡiɑŋH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /ɖɨaŋH/
Li
Rong		 /ȡiaŋH/
Wang
Li		 /ȡĭaŋH/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /ȡʱi̯aŋH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 zhàng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		 zoeng6
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 長
Reading # 3/3
No. 1280
Phonetic
component		 長
Rime
group		 陽
Rime
subdivision		 0
Corresponding
MC rime		 仗
Old
Chinese		 /*daŋs/

Definitions

長

  1. (archaic) length; measure of length
    See also: 丈
  2. (archaic, Min) to be left over; surplus, residue
    今旦飯長野儕。 [Eastern Min, trad.]
    今旦饭长野侪。 [Eastern Min, simp.]
    gĭng-dáng buông diông iā sâ̤ / [kiŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ (t-)nɑŋ²¹³ puɔŋ²⁴² tuɔŋ²⁴² ia³³ sɑ²⁴²] [Bàng-uâ-cê / IPA]
    There is a lot of leftover food today.

Compounds

Japanese

Kanji
長

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. long, lengthy
  2. long time
  3. growing, increasing
  4. excellent, great
  5. comfortable, relaxing
  6. elder, old, senior
  7. chief, head, leader
  8. Short for 長門国 (Nagato no kuni): Nagato Province

Readings

Compounds
Compounds

Etymology 1
Kanji in this term
長
ちょう
Grade: 2
on’yomi

/tjau/ → /t͡ɕjau/ → /t͡ɕɔː/ → /t͡ɕoː/

From Middle Chinese 長 (MC trjangX) in the sense of “chief, head, leader” and 長 (MC drjang) (literally meaning “long”) for other senses. The two Middle Chinese readings were distinct but etymologically connected.

Pronunciation

Noun

長(ちょう) • (chō) ←ちやう (tyau)?

  1. chief, head, leader
    班(はん)長(ちょう)
    han chō
    the group leader
  2. strong point
    Antonym: 短 (tan)
    長(ちょう　)を伸(　の)ばす
    chō o nobasu
    enrich a strong point
  3. (music) major
    Antonym: 短 (tan)

Proper noun

長(ちょう) • (Chō) ←ちやう (tyau)?

  1. a surname

Etymology 2
Kanji in this term
長
おさ
Grade: 2
kun’yomi

/wosa/ → /osa/

From Old Japanese.

Pronunciation

Noun

長(おさ) • (osa) ←をさ (wosa)?

  1. chief, head, leader
    Synonym: 頭 (kashira)
Derived terms

Proper noun

長(おさ) • (Osa) ←をさ (wosa)?

  1. a place name
  2. a surname

Etymology 3
Kanji in this term
長
なが
Grade: 2
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese.

Stem form of classical adjective 長し (nagashi), modern 長い (nagai, “long, lengthy”).

Alternative forms

Pronunciation

Prefix

長(なが) • (naga-) 

  1. long
Derived terms
Derived terms

Proper noun

長(なが) • (Naga) 

  1. a surname

Etymology 4
Kanji in this term
長
つかさ
Grade: 2
irregular
Alternative spellings
官
司
首
宰

From Old Japanese.

Probably derived from 就か (tsuka, irrealis form of verb 就く (tsuku), “to take a position”) +‎ さ (-sa, “-ness”, suffix indicating state or degree). (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)

Pronunciation

Noun

長(つかさ) • (tsukasa) 

  1. a manager, a headman, a foreman
  2. an official
    Synonym: 役人 (yakunin)
  3. government service

Proper noun

長(つかさ) • (Tsukasa) 

  1. a surname
  2. a unisex given name

Etymology 5
Kanji in this term
長
たき
Grade: 2
irregular

⟨taki1⟩ → */takʲi/ → /taki/

Possibly a variant of take below.[3] Appears in the Ruiju Myōgishō of around 1081-1100 CE.

Alternative forms

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): [ta̠kʲi]

Noun

長(たき) • (taki) 

  1. height

Etymology 6
Kanji in this term
長
たけ
Grade: 2
irregular

⟨take2⟩ → */takəj/ → /take/

Cognate with 高 (taka, “height”), 高い (takai, “high”), and 長ける (takeru, “to be high”).

Alternative forms

Pronunciation

Noun

長(たけ) • (take) 

  1. height

Proper noun

長(たけ) • (Take) 

  1. a surname

Etymology 7
Kanji in this term
長
たける
Grade: 2
irregular

Nominalization of verb 長ける (takeru, “to excel at”).

Proper noun

長(たける) • (Takeru) 

  1. a surname
  2. a male or female given name

Etymology 8
Kanji in this term
長
ひさし
Grade: 2
irregular

From Old Japanese.

Nominalization of classical adjective 久し (hisashi), modern 久しい (hisashii, “long time”).

Proper noun

長(ひさし) • (Hisashi) 

  1. a surname
  2. a male or female given name

References
  1. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
  3. Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

Korean

Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese 長 (MC drjang, “long”).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448땨ᇰ (Yale: ttyàng)
Middle Korean
TextEumhun
Gloss (hun)Reading
Sinjeung Yuhap, 1576긴 (Yale: kin)댱 (Yale: tyang)

Pronunciation

Hanja

Wikisource 長 (eumhun 길 장 (gil jang))

  1. Hanja form? of 장 (“long; lengthy”). [prefix]

Compounds
Compounds

Etymology 2

From Middle Chinese 長 (MC trjangX, “grow; elder”).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448댜ᇰ〯 (Yale: tyǎng)
Middle Korean
TextEumhun
Gloss (hun)Reading
Sinjeung Yuhap, 1576길 (Yale: kil)댱 (Yale: tyang)

Pronunciation
  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [t͡ɕa̠(ː)ŋ]
  • Phonetic hangul: [장(ː)]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

長 (eumhun 어른 장 (eoreun jang))

  1. Hanja form? of 장 (“head; chief; manager”). [noun, suffix]
  2. Hanja form? of 장 (“to grow; to develop”). [affix]

Compounds
Compounds

References
  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

長: Hán Việt readings: trường (直(trực)良(lương)切(thiết))[1][2][3], trưởng (展(triển)兩(lưỡng)切(thiết))[1][2][3], tràng[3]
長: Nôm readings: tràng[1][2][4], trường[1][2][4], trưởng[1][2][4], dài[1], chường[2], trành[3], trườn[5]

Etymology 1

Chữ Hán form of trưởng (“head; leader; to grow”).

Compounds
Derived terms

Etymology 2

Chữ Hán form of trường (“long (of distance and time)”).

Compounds
Derived terms

References
  1. Nguyễn (2014).
  2. Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. Trần (2004).
  4. Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
  5. Hồ (1976).
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