-t

From Middle English -te (preterite ending), -t (past participle ending), from Old English -te, -de (first and third person preterite ending), -t, -d (past participle ending), from Proto-Germanic *-id- (preterite stem ending of class 1 weak verbs) and *-idaz (past participle ending of class 1 weak verbs).

In some verbs, like lose/lost, the -t-/-t was merely an alteration of earlier -d-/-d during the Middle English period. See -ed.

-t

1. Forms the past tense and/or past participle of some verbs (leapt, kept, dreamt, blest, etc.)

Some verbs have both an -ed and a -t form. The -t form has become obsolete for many verbs, e.g. toucht.

Usually for verbs with "eep" or "end" at the end (e.g. kept for keep, slept for sleep, wept for weep, bent for bend, sent for send, went for wend); more rarely for nasals and “l” (e.g. burnt for burn, dreamt for dream, dealt for deal, spelt for spell).

• -ed

From Middle English -t (e.g. aȝenst vs. aȝens (“against”)), likely resulting from -s + the, or various other words beginning with th-, t-.

-t

1. An excrescent ending appended to words suffixed with -s.

   against, amidst, amongst, betwixt, whilst, twicet

As with -st, in many cases when there is a shorter synonymous word (as in among/amongst), the form with -t is considered more formal, old-fashioned, affected, and British.

• -st

From Middle English -t, from Old English -t, variant of -þ (“-th”) following spirant/fricative sounds, from Proto-Germanic *-þiz. More at -th.

-t

1. Used to form nouns from verbs of action; equivalent to -th.

   ‎arise + ‎-t → ‎arist

   ‎drive + ‎-t → ‎drift

   ‎see + ‎-t → ‎sight

   ‎thieve + ‎-t → ‎theft

   ‎thrive + ‎-t → ‎thrift

Suffix from Middle English -ten, from Old English -ettan, from Proto-Germanic *-atjaną.

-t

1. Verbs formed from nouns or adjectives (compare English -ate, -ize), frequently having a causative force, or modified from an existing verb into a frequentative verb (no longer productive)

   yeet, grunt, fidget, haunt (via French), elt (via Old Norse).

-t

1. (African-American Vernacular, slang) An intensifier added to the end of words ending in <d>, representing a change in pronunciation from /d/ to /t/. (Should we delete⁽⁺⁾ this sense?)

   ‎period + ‎-t → ‎periodt

   ‎good + ‎-t → ‎goodt

   • 2018 May 29, @chave1y, Twitter‎, archived from the original on 19 January 2024:

     I'm at a very weird stage in my life where i feel worthless and like I'm ruining out of time but I'm also really young bUT I'm not doing anything I love or that makes me happy so I'm SADT

   • 2021 November 24, @NalediMOfficial, Twitter‎, archived from the original on 19 January 2024:

     Day two of Lemon flavoured coffee 🥲💔 oh my godt

   • 2023 April 23, @mingiiki, Twitter‎, archived from the original on 19 January 2024:

     They ate this SO BADT

• IPA^(key): /-t/

-t

1. Marks the instrumental case: using; by means of
2. Marks the malefactive case: for ...'s nuisance
3. Marks the inessive case: in
4. Marks the temporal case: in; within
5. Marks the stative case: while being (in the state of)

• Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015) L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie)‎, Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis), page 364

See të (“(of) the”).

-t

1. Adverb suffix. -ly, -y

   afërsi +‎ -sh +‎ -t

   vazhdim +‎ -i +‎ -sh +‎ -t

2. Nominative/definite/plural suffix.

   mal (“mountain”) +‎ -e (“-s”) +‎ -t (“the”)

3. Accusative/definite/plural suffix.

   mal (“mountain”) +‎ -e (“-s”) +‎ -t (“the”)

4. Genitive/definite/singular suffix.

   mal (“mountain”) +‎ -i (“of/-s”) +‎ -t (“the”)

5. Genitive/definite/plural suffix.

   mal (“mountain”) +‎ -e (“-s”) +‎ -ve (“of/-s”) +‎ -t (“the”)

6. Dative/definite/singular suffix.

   mal (“mountain”) +‎ -i (“of/-s”) +‎ -t (“the”)

7. Dative/definite/plural suffix.

   mal (“mountain”) +‎ -e (“-s”) +‎ -ve (“of/-s”) +‎ -t (“the”)

8. Ablative/definite/singular suffix.

   mal (“mountain”) +‎ -i (“out of”) +‎ -t (“the”)

9. Ablative/definite/plural suffix.

   mal (“mountain”) +‎ -e (“-s”) +‎ -ve (“out of”) +‎ -t (“the”)

• -të, të (“the”)
• -a (“the”), e (“(of)the”)
• -i (“the”), -u (“id”), i (“(of) the”)
• -isht (“-ly”)
• -sht (“-ly”)

-t

1. Causative suffix.

-t

1. Participle-forming dependent verb suffix.

   pisat aya

   to go see

   impat ishtaya

   to begin eating

   malit kaniya

   to run away (lit. to go away running)

-t

1. Used to form adverbs from adjectives; -ly.
2. Used to make neuter forms of adjectives.
3. Used to form past participles of some verbs, like -et does.

   spis, spise, spiser, spiste, spist ― eat!, eat, eats, ate, eaten

-t

1. forms the second and third person singular of the present tense

   redden - jij redt, hij redt

2. forms the gij - form in both present and past tense

   breken - gij breekt - gij braakt

3. (archaic) forms the plural form of the imperative

   staken - staakt!

4. forms the past participle of weak verbs the root of which ends in a voiceless consonant

   bedanken - bedankt

5. forms certain verbal nouns, mostly of strong verbs

   geven - gift

From Proto-Afroasiatic *-t, *-Vt (feminine suffix). See also Arabic ـَة (-a).

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /ɛt/
  • Conventional anglicization: -et

1. Used to form feminine singular forms of nouns.
2. (Old Egyptian, Middle Egyptian) Used to form feminine singular forms of adjectives.
3. (Late Egyptian) An unpronounced graphical suffix occasionally added to adjectives without regard for gender.

From Proto-Afroasiatic *-i (genitive-possessive case ending) + the ancestor of the above suffix -t (feminine ending).

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /ɛt/
  • Conventional anglicization: -et

1. Converts nouns and prepositions into feminine adjectives: the feminine nisba adjective ending.

1. Forms adverbs from certain adjectives; -ly

1. (Old Egyptian, Middle Egyptian) Forms the infinitive of anomalous verbs, weak verbs (except for fourth weak verbs with a geminated stem), and causative biliteral verbs.
2. (Late Egyptian) Forms the pronominal state of the infinitive of transitive third-weak verbs, and occasionally also biliteral and triliteral verbs, used when a suffix pronoun is attached to the infinitive.

• Egyptian: -j (infinitival ending)

1. (Old Egyptian, Middle Egyptian) Forms the complementary infinitive of all verbs.

Weak verbs can alternatively take the endings -wt or -yt to form the complementary infinitive.

1. Forms the subjunctive of the irregular verb jnj and the anomalous verb jwj.

1. (Old Egyptian, Middle Egyptian) Forms the terminative of all verbs.

Third-weak verbs can alternatively take the ending -yt to form the terminative, more frequently when passive than when active.

When this ending is attached to a verb ending in d or t, it is occasionally left unwritten.

• Loprieno, Antonio (1995) Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN
• James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 314–315, etc..
• Junge, Friedrich (2005) Late Egyptian Grammar: An Introduction, second English edition, Oxford: Griffith Institute, pages 65, 81

• IPA^(key): /t/

-t (personal)

1. (enclitic, after a vowel) Alternative form of et
2. (enclitic, after a vowel) Alternative form of te

From Proto-Finnic *-t, from Proto-Uralic *-t. The use as an accusative singular ending for pronouns is more recent; in the older language and many dialects, the "regular" accusative forms like minun (identical to the genitive forms) are used. The accusative use is likely by analogy with the nominative plural forms (note that the accusative plural is identical to the nominative plural for most nominals).

-t

1. (case suffix) Forms the nominative and accusative plural.

   ‎kissa (“cat”) + ‎-t → ‎kissat (“cats”)

2. (case suffix) Forms the accusative forms of the personal pronouns and the interrogative pronoun ken.

   minut ― me

   kenet? ― who(m)?

• Suffixed to the genitive singular stem. The accusative plural is identical with the nominative plural and is used for certain direct objects.
• The personal pronouns and ken have this ending in the accusative; they are the only words that have different genitive and accusative singular forms.
  • See the appendix on Finnish nominal cases for more information on how the accusative case is used.

• -n

From Proto-Finnic *-t, from Proto-Uralic *-t, probably related to second-person pronouns *tinä, *te.

-t

1. (personal) Forms the second person singular of verbs.

Suffixed to the same stem as the first person singular suffix both in the present and the past tense.

• Wikipedia article on Finnish grammar

• -n
• -mme
• -tte
• -vat / -vät

• -it (varies depending on sound laws)

-t (Pulaar)

1. indicates that the verb is repeated

   ‎joorde (“to pour”) + ‎-t → ‎joortaade (“to pour again”)

2. indicates that the action of the verb is reversed or undone

   ‎jókkude (“to sew together, fasten”) + ‎-t → ‎jókkitde (“to break”)

• M. Niang, Pulaar-English English-Pulaar Standard Dictionary, New York: Hippocrene Books, 1997.

From Middle High German -et, from a merger of several Old High German conjugational endings, from Proto-Germanic, from Proto-Indo-European.

• IPA^(key): /t/

-t

1. Verb suffix for the third-person singular of the present tense.

   ‎lachen (“to laugh”) + ‎-t → ‎er lacht (“he laughs”)

   ‎spielen (“to play”) + ‎-t → ‎sie spielt (“she plays”)

• The suffix becomes -et after d, t: er wartet. However, in strong verbs with a vowel change it is deleted instead: er rät. (Note er lädt with a silent -t.) It is also not used in the seven preterite-presents: er darf, kann, mag, muss, soll, weiß, will.

-t

1. Verb suffix for the second-person plural of the present and past tenses.

   ‎lachen (“to laugh”) + ‎-t → ‎ihr lacht (“you [all] laugh”)

   ‎spielen (“to play”) + ‎-t → ‎ihr spielt (“you [all] play”)

• The suffix becomes -et after d, t: ihr wartet. There are no exceptions.
• The form ihr seid is exceptionally spelt with a -d (by analogy with sind and in order to distinguish from seit).

-t

1. Verb suffix for the past participle of weak verbs, together with the prefix ge- if the first syllable of the verb stem is stressed. See ge- -t for more.

   ‎lachen (“to laugh”) + ‎-t → ‎gelacht (“laughed”)

   ‎passieren (“to happen”) + ‎-t → ‎passiert (“happened”)

   ‎verurteilen (“to convict”) + ‎-t → ‎verurteilt (“convicted”)

• The suffix becomes -et after d, t: gewartet. However, gesandt and gewandt show a vowel change and silent -t.

• IPA^(key): [t]

First attested in the end of 12th century. Of debated origin. According to the most accepted theory, it is from a possessive suffix that originated either from a *t-initial demonstrative pronoun or from the Proto-Uralic *tᴕ̈ (“you”) personal pronoun.[1]

-t (accusative case suffix)

1. Forms the accusative case for nouns, adjectives, pronouns and numerals.

   külföldi (“foreigner”) → Sok külföldit láttam a városban. ― I saw many foreigners in the city.

   óra (“clock, watch, hour”) → Vettem egy órát. ― I bought a watch.

   ember (“human”) → Sok embert láttunk. ― We saw many people.

   kettő (“two”) → Hány könyvet vettél? ― Kettőt. ― How many books did you buy? ― Two.

• (accusative case suffix): It can be added to nouns, adjectives, numerals and pronouns. Whether a suffix-initial vowel (linking vowel) will be used is hard to predict and thus needs to be learned with each word. A rule of thumb, however, is that older and shorter words tend to incorporate a vowel, rather than simply use -t. Variants:

  -t is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-. Final -o in foreign words changes to -ó-.

  -ot is added to most back-vowel words ending in a consonant

  -at is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant

  -et is added to unrounded (and some rounded) front-vowel words ending in a consonant

  -öt is added to most rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant

  -∅ (zero form), optionally, after possessive suffixes, especially in the singular but sometimes also in the plural (and not infrequently after multiple-possession forms as well), except for the third-person singular (“his/her/its”, -ja/-je) as its omission would not reduce the number of syllables.

  Elviszem a kabátom(at/∅), kabátod(at/∅); kabátunk(at/∅), kabátotok(at/∅), kabátjuk(at/∅); kabátjaim(at/∅) etc.

  I’ll take my coat, your coat; our coat, [plural] your coat, their coat; my coats etc.

  It is also omitted usually from the accusative forms of first- and second-person singular personal pronouns (engem, téged (“me, you”)).

• Past-participle suffix: From Proto-Uralic *-tt. First attested in 1055.
• Past-tense suffix: From the past-participle suffix. First attested in the end of 12th century. [1]

-t

1. past-tense and past-participle suffix (homonymous form in the vast majority of verbs):
   1. (past-tense suffix) -ed, -t (forms the past tense of a verb)

      él (“to live”) → Kínában élt 10 évig. ― He lived in China for 10 years.

   2. (past-participle suffix) -ed, -t (forms the past participle of a verb)

      zár (“to close”) → Zárt ajtók mögött tanácskoztak. ― They held a discussion behind closed doors.

• (past-participle and past-tense suffix) Variants:

  -t is added to monosyllabic verbs ending in j, l, ly, n, ny, r (fáj, szel, fon, huny, sír) and to many bisyllabic verbs ending in -ad/-ed (akad, ered)

  -tt is added to verbs ending in a vowel (sző, nő, fő, lő, ró, rí)

  -ott is added to back-vowel verbs

  -ett is added to unrounded front-vowel verbs

  -ött is added to rounded front-vowel verbs

• (past-participle suffix) This form is the only option attributively. Predicatively, however, a construction of the existential verb van (or its negative form nincs) and the adverbial participle (with -va/-ve) is preferable, especially when speaking of the result achieved, although the suffix -t/-ott/-ett/-ött occurs predicatively as well, disputed as it may be.^[3]

First attested in 1055. From Proto-Uralic *-tt.[1]

-t

1. (noun-forming suffix) Added to a verb to form a noun.

   ‎lesz (“to become something”) + ‎-t → ‎lét (“existence, life”)

   ‎tesz (“to make, do, place”) + ‎-t → ‎tét (“bet”)

• -at/-et (noun-forming suffix preceded by a linking vowel)
• -ta/-te (noun-forming suffix, supplemented with a fixed possessive suffix)
• -tó/-tő (adjective-forming suffix; only in certain fixed forms:) álltó, ültő, dialectally also fektő

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

-t

1. (locative suffix, archaic) in (added to a noun or an adjective to form the locative case)

   ‎Kaposvár (“Kaposvár, Hungarian town”) + ‎-t → ‎Kaposvárt (“in Kaposvár”)

   ‎köz (“gap”) + ‎-t → ‎közt (“between, among”)

• (locative suffix) It is used only in a few city/town names along with the inessive case or superessive case. It can also be observed in a few local adverbs and postpositions. It is no longer productive. Variants:

  -t

  Kaposvárt, Kolozsvárt (also with -ott), közt, gyanánt, mint, képest

  -tt is added to words ending in a vowel

  itt, ott, másutt, együtt, hanyatt, alatt, miatt, előtt

  -ott is added to back-vowel words

  Kaposvárott (also with -t), Vácott, (Székes)fehérvárott, Kapuvárott, (outside present-day Hungary)
  Érsekújvárott, Gyulafehérvárott, Kolozsvárott (also with -t), Temesvárott, (in Russia) (Szent)pétervárott

  -ett is added to unrounded front-vowel words

  Pécsett, felett, mellett, végett, helyett

  -ött is added to rounded front-vowel words

  Győrött (and Diósgyőrött), fölött, mögött, között

First attested in the end of 12th century. From Proto-Uralic *-tt.[1]

-t

1. (verb-forming suffix, now improductive, obsolete) A causative (e.g. kelt, teremt) or instantaneous (e.g. ért, tilt) suffix for verbs.

   Synonyms: (causative sense) -at/-et, -tat/-tet, -aszt/-eszt/-öszt, -jt/-ajt/-ejt, -ít, -dít

   ‎terem (“to come into existence”) + ‎-t → ‎teremt (“to create”)

• Appendix:Hungarian suffixes

From Proto-Finnic *-t, from Proto-Uralic *-t. Cognates include Finnish -t and Estonian -d.

• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /-t/, [-t]
• (Soikkola) IPA^(key): /-t/, [-t]

-t

1. Used to form the nominative/accusative plural; -s

-t

1. plural suffix in the absolutive case. Numbers vary between singular -q and plural -t depending on whether they modify a noun or are being used for counting

-t-

1. variation of transitive suffix "-d" when used before other suffixes.

• IPA^(key): /t/

From Middle High German -ede, from Old High German -ida, from Proto-Germanic *-iþō. Cognate with rare German -de, Dutch -te, English -th.

-t f (plural -ten)

1. forms nouns from adjectives: -th, -ness

   ‎déif (“deep”) + ‎-t → ‎Déift (“depth”)

   ‎stëll (“still, quiet”) + ‎-t → ‎Stëllt (“stillness, quietness”)

• -tt (in some irregular verbs)
• -dd (in the form sidd of sinn)

-t

1. used to form the second-person plural present and imperative of all verbs (except those with a stem in -d or -t, see usage note)

   ‎laachen (“to laugh”) + ‎-t → ‎dir laacht (“you [lot] laugh”)

2. used to form the third-person singular present of all regular and some irregular verbs

   ‎laachen (“to laugh”) + ‎-t → ‎hie laacht (“he laughs”)

3. used to form the past participle of all regular and some irregular verbs (often with the prefix ge-, see there)

   ‎laachen (“to laugh”) + ‎-t → ‎gelaacht (“laughed”)

4. used to form the first-person singular, third-person singular, and second-person plural past tense and past subjunctive of some irregular verbs

   ‎mussen (“must, to have to”) + ‎-t → ‎ech musst (“I had to”)

   ‎mussen (“must, to have to”) + ‎-t → ‎ech misst (“I would have to”)

• With verb stems in -d, this letter becomes -t unless followed by a vowel and the ending is thus omitted, as it is with stems that end in -t to begin with.

-t

1. Alternative form of -it

From Proto-Uto-Aztecan *-ci.

-t (plural -chim)

1. Diminutive suffix

-t

1. (following fricatives) Alternative form of -th (abstract nominal suffix)

-t

1. (following fricatives) Alternative form of -the (abstract nominal suffix)

-t

1. (following fricatives) Alternative form of -the (ordinal suffix)

-t

1. (causative verb suffix)

• Nora Deering, Helga H. Delisle (1976) Mohawk: A teaching grammar (preliminary version), Quebec: Manitou College, page 417

From Proto-Samic *-ktē.

-t (with odd-syllable stems -it)

1. Forms adverbs of manner from adjectives.

• This suffix triggers the weak grade on a preceding stressed syllable.

When affixed to stems ending in -i and -u, there are two possible alternative forms. In the first, the suffix added with no change, while in the second, the final vowel lowered to e and o respectively and diphthong simplification is performed on the preceding syllable.

From Proto-Samic *-tē (partitive/ablative).

-t

1. Forms adverbs of time.

• This suffix triggers the strong grade on a preceding stressed syllable.

From Proto-Samic *-mpē.

-t (with odd-syllable stems -it or -eabbo)

1. Forms the comparative of adjectives.

• This suffix triggers the weak grade on a preceding stressed syllable.

This adjective needs an inflection-table template.

• See Category:Northern Sami adjective comparative forms

From Proto-Samic *-ntë. Cognate with Finnish -s.

-t

1. Forms ordinal numbers from cardinals.

• This suffix triggers the weak grade on a preceding stressed syllable.

• See Category:Northern Sami ordinal numbers

From Proto-Samic *-k, from Proto-Uralic *-t. Cognate with Finnish -t.

-t

1. The ending of the nominative plural.

• This suffix triggers the weak grade on a preceding stressed syllable.

From Proto-Samic *-tēk. Cognate with Finnish -a, -da.

-t

1. The ending of the infinitive.

• This suffix triggers the strong grade on a preceding stressed syllable.

-t

1. Used to form adverbs from adjectives
2. Used to make neuter forms of adjectives
3. Used to make past participle of some weakly inflected verbs

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

-t

1. Alternative form of -a, used in between vowels
2. Alternative form of -t, used following hard consonants
3. Used to form adverbs from adjectives
4. Used to make neuter forms of adjectives

-t

1. Plural verb suffix.

   Titakwikat

   We sing

2. Nominal absolutive suffix.

   *siwa- → siwat

   *tutu- → tutut

• The nominal absolutive suffix -t is a truncated form of -ti used for vowel-ending stems.
• Opposed to absolutive suffixes, construct suffixes used are -w (for vowel-ending stems), -(zero) (for consonant-ending stems) and -yu ("inalienable possession" marker)

-t

1. Suffix to create the definite singular form of neuter nouns ending in an unstressed vowel: hjärta (“heart”) → hjärtat (“the heart”)
2. Suffix for creating adverbs out of adjectives: långsam (“slow”) → långsamt (“slowly”)
3. Suffix used on the positive form of adjectives to denote that the corresponding noun is of neuter gender, indefinite form: en gul bil (“a yellow car”) → ett gult hus (“a yellow house”), the latter being neuter. However, the -a suffix is used for definite form independent of gender: den gula bilen (“the yellow car”) → det gula huset (“the yellow house”).
4. Suffix to form the past participle of weakly inflected verbs, to be used when the corresponding participle belongs with a neuter noun in indefinite singular form.
5. Suffix for forming supine of verbs of the first (ar-verbs) and second (weak er-verbs) conjugations; see also -it and -tt

From Ottoman Turkish ـت (-t, “causative suffix”), from Proto-Turkic *-t (“causative suffix”). Cognate with Old Turkic 𐱃 (t¹ /⁠-(ï)t⁠/, “causative suffix”).

-t

1. Forms causative verbs usually from polysyllabic stems ending in a vowel or 'l' or 'r'.

• -ıt
• -tur (used after monosyllabic stems and polysyllabic stems ending in a consonant other than 'l' or 'r'

• -ur