-ta
Afar
Pronunciation 1
- IPA(key): /-ta/, [-tʌ]
Declension
Declension of -ta | ||||||||||||||||||
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absolutive | -ta | |||||||||||||||||
predicative | -ta | |||||||||||||||||
subjective | -tí | |||||||||||||||||
genitive | -tí | |||||||||||||||||
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Pronunciation 2
- IPA(key): /-ˈta/, [-ˈtʌ]
Declension
Declension of -tá | ||||||||||||||||||
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absolutive | -tá | |||||||||||||||||
predicative | -tá | |||||||||||||||||
subjective | -tá | |||||||||||||||||
genitive | -tá | |||||||||||||||||
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References
- E. M. Parker, R. J. Hayward (1985) An Afar-English-French dictionary (with Grammatical Notes in English), University of London, →ISBN, page 228
- Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015) L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie), Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis)
Basque
Alternative forms
- -da (after -n)
Suffix
-ta
- [+perfect participle] Adverbial suffix.
- Guztiz bustita zatoz. ― You're totally soaked.
- Hori esanda, nahi duzuna egin ezazu. ― Having said that, do whatever you want.
References
- “eta” in Etymological Dictionary of Basque by R. L. Trask, sussex.ac.uk
Estonian
Finnish
Etymology 1
From Proto-Finnic *-t'ak, from Proto-Uralic *-ta- (verbalizer) (see the Proto-Finnic entry for more).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /-tɑˣ/, [-t̪ɑ̝(ʔ)]
Suffix
-ta (front vowel harmony variant -tä, stem -a-, linguistic notation -A- or -tA)
Usage notes
- The derivatives belong to the conjugation types no. 73, 74 and 75. The only differences between these three types are the conditional forms, with 74 being a superset of 73 and 75 (allowing both forms of conditional stems). Stems ending in -a are always type 73, while other vowels result in 74 and 75 (with no clear regular pattern).
- Triggers consonant gradation in the root, if applicable.
- Used mainly on bisyllabic vowel-stem nouns. For monosyllabic and consonant-stem nouns, -taa is more common.
- A final -i- in the stem -ta is attached to usually becomes -e-.
Etymology 2
From Proto-Finnic *-t'ak.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /-tɑˣ/, [-t̪ɑ̝(ʔ)]
Suffix
-ta (front vowel harmony variant -tä, stem -a-, linguistic notation -A- or -tA)
Usage notes
- The derivatives belong to the conjugation types no. 74, 75 and rarely 73. The only differences between these three types are the conditional forms, with 74 being a superset of 73 and 75 (allowing both forms of conditional stems). Stems ending in -a are always type 73, while other vowels result in 74 and 75 (with no clear regular pattern).
- Triggers consonant gradation in the root, if applicable.
- A final -i- in the stem -ta is attached to usually becomes -e-.
- Largely conflated with etymology 1, as they have fallen together in form.
Derived terms
Etymology 3
From Proto-Finnic *-ta, a variant form of *-da (whence Finnish -a) that was used when it followed a (secondarily) stressed syllable (suffixal gradation). Ultimately from the Proto-Uralic ablative case *-ta (compare to Moksha -да, -та (-da, -ta) and Erzya -до (-do)).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /-tɑ/, [-t̪ɑ̝]
Suffix
-ta (front vowel harmony variant -tä, linguistic notation -tA)
- A suffix for the partitive singular case.
Usage notes
- This suffix is used after a long vowel, diphthong or a consonant.
- See the appendix on Finnish nominal cases for more information on how the partitive case is used.
See also
Etymology 4
Suffix
-ta (front vowel harmony variant -tä, stem -a-, linguistic notation -A- or -tA) (dialectal)
- (Eastern Finnish) Alternative form of -ida
Usage notes
See Appendix:Eastern Finnish reflexive verbs.
Conjugation
See Appendix:Eastern Finnish reflexive verbs.
Hungarian
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [tɒ]
Suffix
-ta
-
- (past-tense suffix) Forms the third-person singular indicative past definite form of verbs.
- (verbal-participle suffix) Forms the verbal participle of verbs, always following the agent noun.
- (noun-forming suffix) Forms nouns from certain verbs (cf. -ás), incorporating the third-person singular possessive suffix (-a), which can be replaced by other personal possessive suffixes.
Usage notes
- (past-tense and verbal-participle suffix) Variants:
- -ta is added to most back-vowel verbs
- -te is added to most front-vowel verbs
- -tta is added to back-vowel verbs ending in a vowel (hí, rí, szí; ó, ró; fú)
- -tte is added to front-vowel verbs ending in a vowel (lő, nő, sző; nyű)
- -otta is added to back-vowel verbs ending in two consonants or a long vowel + t, or to monosyllables ending in -t (fut, nyit, except lát)
- -ette is added to unrounded front-vowel verbs ending in two consonants or a long vowel + t, or to monosyllables ending in -t (vet)
- -ötte is added to rounded front-vowel verbs ending in two consonants or a long vowel + t, or to monosyllables ending in -t (köt, süt, üt)
- (noun-forming suffix) Variants:
- -ta is added to most back-vowel verbs
- -te is added to most front-vowel verbs
- -tte is added to front-vowel verbs that originally ended in a vowel (like jön, originally jő)
- -ata is added to back-vowel verbs that form the infinitive with a linking vowel (like hall)
- -ete is added to front-vowel verbs that form the infinitive with a linking vowel (like kell)
Derived terms
See also
- Category:Hungarian verbal participles
- Category:Hungarian verb forms
- Appendix:Hungarian suffixes
Further reading
- Károly, Sándor. Az istenadta-féle szerkezetek személyragos tagjának szófaji jellegéről (“On the part of speech of the personal-suffixed elements of istenadta [‘God-given’]-like structures”). In: Nyelvtudományi Közlemények (“Linguistic Publications”), vol. 59 (1957), pp. 130–150.
- Simonyi, Zsigmond. Isten-adta (“God-given”). In: Magyar Nyelvőr (“Hungarian Language Guardian”), vol. XXXVI (1907), pp. 16–35 in the offprint (issue 5, May 15 in the original, pp. 193–205, 264–271).
Igbo
Alternative forms
- -té (neutral tongue position)
Ilocano
Etymology
From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-ta, an enclitic form of Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *(i-)kita, whence Proto-Austronesian *(i-)kita.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ta/
Pronoun
-ta
- First-person dual absolutive enclitic pronoun; we (two); us (two); you and I; you and me
- Aggayyemta. ― You and I are friends.
- First-person dual ergative enclitic pronoun; we (two); you and I
- Masapul a tulunganta ni Maria. ― You and I should help Maria.
- First-person dual possessive marker; our (mine and yours); of us two
- Awan inggana koma ti ayatta. ― May our love last forever.
See also
Person | Number | Absolutive | Ergative | Oblique | Possessive | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Disjunctive | Enclitic | Enclitic3 | bági form | kukua form | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
First | singular | siak | -ak | -ko, -k | kaniak | bagik | kukuak, kuak | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
dual | data, sita1 | -ta | kaniata, kadata | bagita | kukuata | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
plural inclusive | datayo, sitayo1 | -tayo, -tay | kaniatayo, kadatayo | bagitayo | kukuatayo | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
plural exclusive | dakami, sikami1 | -kami, -kam | -mi | kaniami, kadakami | bagimi | kukuami | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Second | singular | sika | -ka | -mo, -m | kaniam, kenka | bagim | kukuam | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
plural | dakayo, sikayo1 | -kayo, -kay | -yo | kaniayo, kadakayo | bagiyo | kukuayo | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Third | singular | isu, isuna | Ø2 | -na | kaniana, kenkuana | bagina | kukuana | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
plural | isuda | -da | kaniada, kadakuada | bagida | kukuada | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1Regional variants. 2Null morpheme. There is no absolutive enclitic for the third person singular pronoun. The disjunctives isu or isuna may also be used. 3Ergative enclitics are also used as possessive markers. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fused enclitics
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Irish
Etymology 1
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Alternative forms
Suffix
-ta
- added to nouns to form adjectives
Derived terms
Suffix
-ta
- used to form strong plural forms of nouns
Etymology 3
From Old Irish -ta, possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-teh₂ts, whence also Ancient Greek -της (-tēs), Sanskrit -ताति (-tāti), and Latin -tās.
Suffix
-ta
- used to form the past participle of verbs
Derived terms
Kambera
Lakota
Suffix
-ta
Usage notes
Changes to (-ata), (-yata) following vowel.
Latin
Suffix
-ta
- inflection of -tus:
- feminine nominative/vocative singular
- neuter nominative/accusative/vocative plural
Makasar
Alternative forms
Etymology
From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ta, from Proto-Austronesian *ta.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ta]
Suffix
-ta (possessive suffix, Lontara spelling ᨈ)
Quechua
Alternative forms
- -kta (historically, after short vowels)
Suffix
-ta
- A suffix for the accusative case. Indicates the direct object of a verb or the goal of a motion verb.
- Used to form adverbs from adjectives.
- allin (“good”) + -ta → allinta (“well”)
Scottish Gaelic
Derived terms
Turkish
Ye'kwana
Alternative forms
- -cha (allomorph after i)
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [-ta]
Suffix
-ta
- Forms intransitive verbs with patient-like arguments from nouns.
Derived terms
Suffix
-ta
- Forms the certain future tense.
Usage notes
Verbs with this suffix take series I person markers.
Derived terms
- -tai (possibly)
Etymology 3
Cognates are found in many other Cariban languages, where they are usually restricted to use with or in place of an imperative marker cognate to -kö. The Ye'kwana suffix thus shows a broadened scope of use.
Suffix
-ta
- Directs that the command or request expressed by a verb must be executed somewhere else and not at the place where the order was given.
Usage notes
This suffix immediately precedes the verb’s tense/aspect/mood markers (and so is distinguished from the certain future suffix above). In most cases, it can only appear with one of the three modal markers -kö (imperative), -iye (jussive), and -'ñojo (rogative); however, when used in the imperative singular, it takes the place of the suffix -kö instead of appearing alongside it.
In the plural this suffix takes the form -tan except in the third person, where it does not change. That is, it takes the form -tan when followed by plural -tö.