tud
Breton
Etymology
From Proto-Brythonic *tʉd, from Proto-Celtic *toutā, from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈtyːd/
Danish
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ˈtˢuˀð], [ˈtˢuðˀ]
- Rhymes: -uːˀð
Etymology 1
From Middle High German tūte (“thing shaped like a horn”), tōte (“jug with a spout”), from Old High German thioza, from Proto-West Germanic *þeutā (“pipe”) with an irregular (onomatopoeic?) treatment of the initial consonant.
Compare also Dutch tuit (“spout”), German Tüte (“bag”), and (a younger loan from Low German) Danish tut. The Germanic noun is derived from the verb *þeutaną, which shows the same development of the initial consonant in Middle Low German tūten (hence German tuten) and Dutch tuiten, toeten (hence English toot).
Declension
References
- “tud” in Den Danske Ordbog
Etymology 2
From the verb tude.
Declension
Etymology 3
See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Hungarian
Etymology
From Proto-Uralic *tumte-. Cognate with Finnish tuntea and Estonian tundma.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ˈtud]
Audio (file) - Rhymes: -ud
Verb
tud
- (transitive) to know (to be aware of some information)
- Synonym: tisztában van
- Tudom, hol van. ― I know where it is.
- (auxiliary with a verb in the infinitive) can, to be able, know how to
- Synonym: (adjective) képes
- Tudok vezetni. ― I know how to drive.
- (transitive, colloquial) to know (to be acquainted or familiar with)
- Synonym: ismer
- Tudok valakit, aki segíthet. ― I know someone who could help.
Usage notes
- Similarly to French, German, and Spanish etc., Hungarian distinguishes two senses of ’to know’, being aware or certain of some information (this verb) and being acquainted or familiar with someone or something (see ismer). See also usage notes at the German verb kennen describing the same difference and translations of to know for related terms in other languages.
- To express can in the sense of being permitted, allowed, or enabled to (indicating permission), see -hat/-het.
Conjugation
Click for archaic forms | 1st person sg | 2nd person sg informal |
3rd person sg, 2nd p. sg formal |
1st person pl | 2nd person pl informal |
3rd person pl, 2nd p. pl formal | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indicative mood |
Present | Indef. | tudok | tudsz | tud | tudunk | tudtok | tudnak | |
Def. | tudom | tudod | tudja | tudjuk | tudjátok | tudják | |||
2nd-p. o. | tudlak | ― | |||||||
Past | Indef. | tudtam | tudtál | tudott | tudtunk | tudtatok | tudtak | ||
Def. | tudtam | tudtad | tudta | tudtuk | tudtátok | tudták | |||
2nd-p. o. | tudtalak | ― | |||||||
Future | Future is expressed with a present-tense verb with a completion-marking prefix and/or a time adverb, or—more explicitly—with the infinitive plus the conjugated auxiliary verb fog, e.g. tudni fog. | ||||||||
Archaic Preterit |
Indef. | tudék | tudál | tuda | tudánk | tudátok | tudának | ||
Def. | tudám | tudád | tudá | tudánk | tudátok | tudák | |||
2nd-p. o. | tudálak | ― | |||||||
Archaic Past | Two additional past tenses: the present and the (current) past forms followed by vala (volt), e.g. tud vala, tudott vala/volt. | ||||||||
Archaic Future |
Indef. | tudandok | tudandasz | tudand | tudandunk | tudandotok | tudandanak | ||
Def. | tudandom | tudandod | tudandja | tudandjuk | tudandjátok | tudandják | |||
2nd-p. o. | tudandalak | ― | |||||||
Conditional mood |
Present | Indef. | tudnék | tudnál | tudna | tudnánk | tudnátok | tudnának | |
Def. | tudnám | tudnád | tudná | tudnánk (or tudnók) |
tudnátok | tudnák | |||
2nd-p. o. | tudnálak | ― | |||||||
Past | Indicative past forms followed by volna, e.g. tudott volna | ||||||||
Subjunctive mood |
Present | Indef. | tudjak | tudj or tudjál |
tudjon | tudjunk | tudjatok | tudjanak | |
Def. | tudjam | tudd or tudjad |
tudja | tudjuk | tudjátok | tudják | |||
2nd-p. o. | tudjalak | ― | |||||||
(Archaic) Past | Indicative past forms followed by légyen, e.g. tudott légyen | ||||||||
Infinitive | tudni | tudnom | tudnod | tudnia | tudnunk | tudnotok | tudniuk | ||
Other forms |
Verbal noun | Present part. | Past part. | Future part. | Adverbial participle | Causative | |||
tudás | tudó | tudott | tudandó | tudva (tudván) | |||||
The archaic passive conjugation had the same -(t)at/-(t)et suffix as the causative, followed by -ik in the 3rd-person singular (and the concomitant changes in conditional and subjunctive mostly in the 1st- and 3rd-person singular like with other traditional -ik verbs). | |||||||||
Click for archaic forms | 1st person sg | 2nd person sg informal |
3rd person sg, 2nd p. sg formal |
1st person pl | 2nd person pl informal |
3rd person pl, 2nd p. pl formal | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indicative mood |
Present | Indef. | tudhatok | tudhatsz | tudhat | tudhatunk | tudhattok | tudhatnak | |
Def. | tudhatom | tudhatod | tudhatja | tudhatjuk | tudhatjátok | tudhatják | |||
2nd-p. o. | tudhatlak | ― | |||||||
Past | Indef. | tudhattam | tudhattál | tudhatott | tudhattunk | tudhattatok | tudhattak | ||
Def. | tudhattam | tudhattad | tudhatta | tudhattuk | tudhattátok | tudhatták | |||
2nd-p. o. | tudhattalak | ― | |||||||
Archaic Preterit |
Indef. | tudhaték | tudhatál | tudhata | tudhatánk | tudhatátok | tudhatának | ||
Def. | tudhatám | tudhatád | tudhatá | tudhatánk | tudhatátok | tudhaták | |||
2nd-p. o. | tudhatálak | ― | |||||||
Archaic Past | Two additional past tenses: the present and the (current) past forms followed by vala, e.g. tudhat vala, tudhatott vala/volt. | ||||||||
Archaic Future |
Indef. | tudhatandok or tudandhatok |
tudhatandasz or tudandhatsz |
tudhatand or tudandhat |
tudhatandunk or tudandhatunk |
tudhatandotok or tudandhattok |
tudhatandanak or tudandhatnak | ||
Def. | tudhatandom or tudandhatom |
tudhatandod or tudandhatod |
tudhatandja or tudandhatja |
tudhatandjuk or tudandhatjuk |
tudhatandjátok or tudandhatjátok |
tudhatandják or tudandhatják | |||
2nd-p. o. | tudhatandalak or tudandhatlak |
― | |||||||
Conditional mood |
Present | Indef. | tudhatnék | tudhatnál | tudhatna | tudhatnánk | tudhatnátok | tudhatnának | |
Def. | tudhatnám | tudhatnád | tudhatná | tudhatnánk (or tudhatnók) |
tudhatnátok | tudhatnák | |||
2nd-p. o. | tudhatnálak | ― | |||||||
Past | Indicative past forms followed by volna, e.g. tudhatott volna | ||||||||
Subjunctive mood |
Present | Indef. | tudhassak | tudhass or tudhassál |
tudhasson | tudhassunk | tudhassatok | tudhassanak | |
Def. | tudhassam | tudhasd or tudhassad |
tudhassa | tudhassuk | tudhassátok | tudhassák | |||
2nd-p. o. | tudhassalak | ― | |||||||
(Archaic) Past | Indicative past forms followed by légyen, e.g. tudhatott légyen | ||||||||
Inf. | (tudhatni) | (tudhatnom) | (tudhatnod) | (tudhatnia) | (tudhatnunk) | (tudhatnotok) | (tudhatniuk) | ||
Positive adjective | tudható | Neg. adj. | tudhatatlan | Adv. part. | (tudhatva / tudhatván) | ||||
Derived terms
(With verbal prefixes):
- betud
- letud
- megtud
- köztudott
- tudniillik
- tudnivaló
- tudvalevő
See also
- Category:Hungarian auxiliary verbs
Further reading
- tud in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (‘The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
Kapampangan
Etymology
From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tuhud, from Proto-Austronesian *tuduS.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈtud/, [ˈtud]
Sumerian
Tutong
Alternative forms
- etud
Etymology
From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tuhud, from Proto-Austronesian *tuduS.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /tud/
Welsh
Etymology
From Middle Welsh tut, from Proto-Brythonic *tʉd, from Proto-Celtic *toutā, from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂.
Pronunciation
- (North Wales) IPA(key): /tɨːd/
- (South Wales) IPA(key): /tiːd/
- Rhymes: -ɨːd
Derived terms
- alltud (“deportee; foreigner”)