ona

See also: Appendix:Variations of "ona"

Azerbaijani

Pronunciation
  • Audio(file)

Pronoun

ona

  1. dative of o

Basque

Pronunciation
  • Audio(file)

Adjective

ona

  1. absolutive singular of on

Catalan

Etymology

Inherited from Latin unda, from Proto-Indo-European *unt-.

Pronunciation

Noun

ona f (plural ones)

  1. wave

Derived terms
  • ondós

References

Chickasaw

Noun

ona

  1. tomorrow

Choctaw

Verb

ona

  1. to go

Czech

Etymology

Inherited from Old Czech ona, from Proto-Slavic *ona.

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): [ˈona]
  • audio(file)

Pronoun

ona f

  1. she (third person feminine singular personal pronoun)

Declension
Declension of ona (sg-only feminine pronoun)
singular
nominative ona
genitive jí, ní1
dative jí, ní1
accusative ji, ni1
vocative —
locative ní1
instrumental jí, ní1

1After a preposition.

Pronoun

ona n pl

  1. they (third person neuter plural personal pronoun)

Declension
Declension of ona (pl-only neuter pronoun)
plural
nominative ona
genitive jich, nich1
dative jim, nim1
accusative je, ně1
vocative —
locative nich1
instrumental jimi, nimi1

1After a preposition.

Czech personal pronouns
singular plural
1st person já my
2nd person familiar ty vy
polite vy
3rd person m on oni*
f ona ony
n ono ona
reflexive sebe, se (clitic)
* animate referents only, for inanimate ones ony is used.

Pronoun

ona

  1. inflection of onen:
    1. nominative feminine singular
    2. nominative/accusative neuter plural

Further reading
  • ona in Příruční slovník jazyka českého, 1935–1957
  • ona in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého, 1960–1971, 1989
  • ona in Internetová jazyková příručka

Garo

Verb

ona

  1. to be low (not high)
  2. to be low, humble
  3. to be short (not tall)
  4. to descend

Antonyms

Hawaiian

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /ˈo.na/, [ˈo.nə]

Pronoun

ona

  1. his, her, its (o-type possessive)

Usage notes
  • Used after negatives, numbers, locative nouns, certain prepositions, and after nouns preceded by an article or a k-determiner.

Verb

ona

  1. infatuated, attracted

Japanese

Romanization

ona

  1. Rōmaji transcription of おな

Kikuyu

Etymology

Hinde (1904) records kuona “find” and kuonna “see” as equivalents of English find and see in “Jogowini dialect” of Kikuyu, listing also Swahili kuona (“to find, to see”) as their equivalent.[1]

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /ɔna/

Verb

ona (infinitive kuona or kũona)

  1. to see[2][3][4]
  2. to find[2][3][4]
  3. to get into, to find oneself (unusual situation)[4]

Synonyms

Derived terms

(Verbs)

(Nouns)

  • kĩoneki class 7

(Proverbs)

  • kũona kĩmera ti kuo gũkĩrĩa
  • kuona kuonagia mũndũ njĩra

References
  1. Hinde, Hildegarde (1904). Vocabularies of the Kamba and Kikuyu languages of East Africa, pp. 24–25, 52–53. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  2. Armstrong, Lilias E. (1940). The Phonetic and Tonal Structure of Kikuyu, p. 362. Rep. 1967. (Also in 2018 by Routledge).
  3. Barlow, A. Ruffell (1960). Studies in Kikuyu Grammar and Idiom, p. 36.
  4. “ona” in Benson, T.G. (1964). Kikuyu-English dictionary, p. 359. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Northern Ndebele

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-jóna.

Verb

-óma

  1. to spoil
  2. to sin

Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

Old Czech

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *ona.

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): (13th CE) /ˈona/
  • IPA(key): (15th CE) /ˈona/

Pronoun

ona f sg or m du or n pl (third person)

  1. she (feminine singular)
  2. they two (masculine dual)
  3. they (neuter plural)

Declension
Declension of the third-person pronouns (around AD 1300)
Singular Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative on ona ono
Genitive jeho, (j)ho, ň(e)ho jie, nie jeho, (j)ho, ň(e)ho
Dative jemu, (j)mu, ňemu jí, jiej, ní, niej jemu, (j)mu, ňemu
Accusative jej, jen, ji, jeho, (j)ho
-ň, ňej, ňen, ni, ň(e)ho		 ju, ňu je, ňe + later masculine
Locative ňem ní, niej ňem
Instrumental jím, ním jú, ňú jím, ním
Possessive jeho (je)jie, jejílater jeho
Dual Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative ona oně
Genitive jú, ňú
Dative jima, nima
Accusative jě, ně ji, ni
Locative ňú
Instrumental jima, nima
Possessive (je)jú
Plural Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative oni ony ona
Genitive jich, nich
Dative jim, nim
Accusative jě, ně
Locative nich
Instrumental jimi, nimi
Possessive (je)jich

Descendants
  • Czech: ona

Pronoun

ona

  1. inflection of onen:
    1. nominative feminine singular
    2. nominative/accusative masculine dual
    3. nominative/accusative neuter plural

Polish

Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish ona. The oblique case forms come from Proto-Slavic *ja.

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /ˈɔ.na/
  • Audio 1(file)
  • Audio 2(file)
  • Rhymes: -ɔna
  • Syllabification: o‧na

Pronoun

ona f (masculine on, neuter ono)

  1. she (for animate nouns), it (for inanimate feminine nouns)

Declension
Declension of ona
singular
nominative ona
genitive jej/niej
dative jej/niej
accusative ją/nią
instrumental nią
locative niej
vocative —

See also
  • Appendix:Polish pronouns

Further reading
  • ona in Polish dictionaries at PWN

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *ona.

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /ǒna/
  • Hyphenation: o‧na

Pronoun

òna (Cyrillic spelling о̀на)

  1. she
  2. they (nominative plural of òno (“it”))

Declension
    Inflection of 3rd-person pronouns
Singular Plural
Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter
nominative ȏn òna òno òni òne òna
genitive njȅga, ga njȇ, je njȅga, ga njȋh, ih njȋh, ih njȋh, ih
dative njȅmu, mu njȏj, joj njȅmu, mu njȉma, im njȉma, im njȉma, im
accusative njȅga, ga, nj njȗ, ju, je njȅga, ga, nj njȋh, ih njȋh, ih njȋh, ih
vocative — — — — — —
locative njȅm, njȅmu njȏj njȅm, njȅmu njȉma njȉma njȉma
instrumental njȋm, njíme njȏm, njóme njȋm, njíme njȉma njȉma njȉma

Shona

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-bóna. Cognate to Zulu -bona.

Verb

-óná (infinitive kuóná)

  1. to see

Slovak

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *ona.

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): [ˈɔna]

Pronoun

ona f

  1. she (third person singular f)

Declension
Declension of ona
singular plural
nominative ona ony
genitive jej, nej ich, nich
dative jej, nej im, nim
accusative ju, ňu ich, ne
locative nej nich
instrumental ňou nimi
Slovak personal pronouns
singular plural
1st person ja my
2nd person familiar ty vy
polite vy
3rd person m on oni*
f ona ony
n ono
reflexive seba, sa (clitic)
* animate referents only, for inanimate ones ony is used.

Further reading
  • “ona”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2024

Slovene

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *ona.

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /ɔ̀ːna/

Pronoun

óna

  1. she
  2. nominative plural of ono

Inflection
Fourth feminine declension (adjectival endings), fixed accent, highly irregular
Stressed ("naglasne") forms
nominative
imenovȃlnik		 óna ónidve, onẹ̑dve óne, onẹ̑
genitive
rodȋlnik		 njẹ́ njȋju, njȉh, njȗ njȉh
dative
dajȃlnik		 njēj, njȅj, njȉ njȋma njȉm
accusative
tožȋlnik		 njọ̄ njȋju, njȉh, njȗ njȉh, njẹ̑
locative
mẹ̑stnik		 njēj, njȅj, njȉ njȋju, njȉh njȉh
instrumental
orọ̑dnik		 njọ́ njȋma njȋmi
(vocative)
(ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)		 ȏna ȏnidve, onẹ̑dve óne, onẹ̑
Unstressed ("naslonske") forms
singular dual plural
genitive
rodȋlnik		 je ju, jih jih
dative
dajȃlnik		 ji jima jim
accusative
tožȋlnik		 jo ju jih
Binding ("navezne / predložne") accusative forms
singular dual plural
unstressed -njo -nju -nje
stressed – – njẹ̑, njȉh

See also
Slovene personal pronouns
singular dual plural
1st person m jaz midva mi
f or n medve, midve me
2nd person familiar
tikanje		 m ti vidva vi
f or n vedve, vidve ve
3rd person m on onadva oni
f ona onedve, onidve one
n ono onedve, onidve ona
Polite forms (not differentiated in dual and plural) singular
polite
vikanje – instead of 2nd person, binds with forms for 2rd person plural masculine		 vi, Vi
very polite
onikanje – instead of 2nd or 3rd person, binds with forms for 3rd person plural masculine (archaic)		 oni
hyper polite
onokanje – instead of 2nd person, binds with forms for 3rd person singular neuter (obsolete)		 ono
patriarchal
onkanje – instead of 2nd person, binds with forms for 3rd person singular masculine (obsolete)		 on

Further reading
  • “ona”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU, portal Fran
  • “ona”, in Termania, Amebis
  • See also the general references

Southern Ndebele

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-jóna.

Verb

-ôna

  1. to destroy, to damage, to spoil

Inflection

This noun needs an inflection-table template.

Swahili

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-bóna. Cognate to Zulu -bona.

Pronunciation
  • Audio (Kenya)(file)

Verb

-ona (infinitive kuona)

  1. to see, to find
  2. to feel, to perceive

Conjugation
Conjugation of -ona
Positive present -naona
Subjunctive -one
Negative -oni
Imperative singular ona
Infinitives
Positive kuona
Negative kutoona
Imperatives
Singular ona
Plural oneni
Tensed forms
Habitual huona
Positive past positive subject concord + -liona
Negative past negative subject concord + -kuona
Positive present (positive subject concord + -naona)
Singular Plural
1st person ninaona/naona tunaona
2nd person unaona mnaona
3rd person m-wa(I/II) anaona wanaona
other classes positive subject concord + -naona
Negative present (negative subject concord + -oni)
Singular Plural
1st person sioni hatuoni
2nd person huoni hamwoni
3rd person m-wa(I/II) haoni hawaoni
other classes negative subject concord + -oni
Positive future positive subject concord + -taona
Negative future negative subject concord + -taona
Positive subjunctive (positive subject concord + -one)
Singular Plural
1st person nione tuone
2nd person uone mwone
3rd person m-wa(I/II) aone waone
other classes positive subject concord + -one
Negative subjunctive positive subject concord + -sione
Positive present conditional positive subject concord + -ngeona
Negative present conditional positive subject concord + -singeona
Positive past conditional positive subject concord + -ngaliona
Negative past conditional positive subject concord + -singaliona
Gnomic (positive subject concord + -aona)
Singular Plural
1st person naona twaona
2nd person waona mwaona
3rd person m-wa(I/II) aona waona
m-mi(III/IV) waona yaona
ji-ma(V/VI) laona yaona
ki-vi(VII/VIII) chaona vyaona
n(IX/X) yaona zaona
u(XI) waona see n(X) or ma(VI) class
ku(XV/XVII) kwaona
pa(XVI) paona
mu(XVIII) mwaona
Perfect positive subject concord + -meona
"Already" positive subject concord + -meshaona
"Not yet" negative subject concord + -jaona
"If/When" positive subject concord + -kiona
"If not" positive subject concord + -sipoona
Consecutive kaona / positive subject concord + -kaona
Consecutive subjunctive positive subject concord + -kaone
Object concord (indicative positive)
Singular Plural
1st person -niona -tuona
2nd person -kuona -waona/-kuoneni/-waoneni
3rd person m-wa(I/II) -mwona -waona
m-mi(III/IV) -uona -iona
ji-ma(V/VI) -liona -yaona
ki-vi(VII/VIII) -kiona -viona
n(IX/X) -iona -ziona
u(XI) -uona see n(X) or ma(VI) class
ku(XV/XVII) -kuona
pa(XVI) -paona
mu(XVIII) -muona
Reflexive -jiona
Relative forms
General positive (positive subject concord + (object concord) + -ona- + relative marker)
Singular Plural
m-wa(I/II) -onaye -onao
m-mi(III/IV) -onao -onayo
ji-ma(V/VI) -onalo -onayo
ki-vi(VII/VIII) -onacho -onavyo
n(IX/X) -onayo -onazo
u(XI) -onao see n(X) or ma(VI) class
ku(XV/XVII) -onako
pa(XVI) -onapo
mu(XVIII) -onamo
Other forms (subject concord + tense marker + relative marker + (object concord) + -ona)
Singular Plural
m-wa(I/II) -yeona -oona
m-mi(III/IV) -oona -yoona
ji-ma(V/VI) -loona -yoona
ki-vi(VII/VIII) -choona -vyoona
n(IX/X) -yoona -zoona
u(XI) -oona see n(X) or ma(VI) class
ku(XV/XVII) -koona
pa(XVI) -poona
mu(XVIII) -moona
Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information.

Derived terms
  • Verbal derivations:
    • Applicative: -onea (“look at; feel toward; be hostile to”)
    • Causative: -onesha, -onyesha (“show”)
    • Passive: -onwa (“be seen”)
    • Reciprocal: -onana, -onekana (“be visible; seem”)
    • Other formations: -onya (“warn, admonish”)
  • Nominal derivations:
    • maoni (“opinion, comment”)
    • maono (“image”)

Swedish

Noun

ona

  1. definite plural of o

Anagrams

Tok Pisin

Etymology

From English honor.

Noun

ona

  1. honor; glory; praise

Tokelauan

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): [ˈo.na]
  • Hyphenation: o‧na

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Samoan ʻona.

Conjunction

ona

  1. because

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Samoan ona.

Particle

ona

  1. Introduces subordinate clauses after mafai, tatau, faigatā and faigofie.

Etymology 3

From Proto-Polynesian *o-na. Cognates include Hawaiian ona and Samoan ona.

Pronoun

o ona

  1. (inalienable) his, hers
See also
Tokelauan possessive pronouns
Inalienable (O-type)
singular dual plural
long short
1st person (excl.) o oku, o kita1 o māua o mā o mātou
1st person (incl.) ― o tāua o tā o tātou
2nd person o ōu, o koe o koulua o koutou
3rd person o ona o lāua o lā o lātou
Alienable (A-type)
singular dual plural
long short
1st person (excl.) a aku, a kita1 a māua a mā a mātou
1st person (incl.) ― a tāua a tā a tātou
2nd person a āu, a koe a koulua a koutou
3rd person a ana a lāua a lā a lātou
1) Sympathetic
*) Only the singular pronouns differ from the personal pronouns

Determiner

ona

  1. (inalienable) his, her
    • 1948, Tūlāfono fakavae a Tokelau [Constitution of Tokelau]‎, page 1:
      Ko te fakavae tenei e matea i nā nuku ma kafai ona tagata e faifaimea fakatahi, ma nonofo fakatahi i te filemu ma te fiafia.
      This foundation is recognised in the villages and if its people repeatedly do things together, and they live together in peace and happiness.
See also
Tokelauan possessive determiners
Definite inalienable (O-type)
singular reference plural reference
sg du pl sg du pl
long short long short
1st person (excl.) toku,
tota1		 to māua to mā to mātou oku,
ota1		 o māua o mā o mātou
1st person (incl.) ― to tāua to tā to tātou ― o tāua o tā o tātou
2nd person tō toulua toutou ō oulua outou
3rd person tona to lāua to lā to lātou ona o lāua o lā o lātou
Definite alienable (A-type)
singular reference plural reference
sg du pl sg du pl
long short long short
1st person (excl.) taku,
tata1		 ta māua ta mā ta mātou aku,
ata1		 a māua a mā a mātou
1st person (incl.) ― ta tāua ta tā ta tātou ― a tāua a tā a tātou
2nd person tau taulua tautou au aulua autou
3rd person tana ta lāua ta lā ta lātou ana a lāua a lā a lātou
Indefinite inalienable (O-type)
singular reference plural reference
sg du pl sg du pl
long short long short
1st person (excl.) hoku,
hota1		 ho māua ho mā ho mātou ni oku,
ni ota1		 ni o māua ni o mā ni o mātou
1st person (incl.) ― ho tāua ho tā ho tātou ― ni o tāua ni o tā ni o tātou
2nd person hō houlua houtou ni ō ni oulua ni outou
3rd person hona ho lāua ho lā ho lātou ni ona ni o lāua ni o lā ni o lātou
Indefinite alienable (A-type)
singular reference plural reference
sg du pl sg du pl
long short long short
1st person (excl.) haku,
hata1		 ha māua ha mā ha mātou ni aku,
ni ata1		 ni a māua ni a mā ni a mātou
1st person (incl.) ― ha tāua ha tā ha tātou ― ni a tāua ni a tā ni a tātou
2nd person hau haulua hautou ni au ni aulua ni autou
3rd person hana ha lāua ha lā ha lātou ni ana ni a lāua ni a lā ni a lātou
1) Sympathetic

References
  • R. Simona, editor (1986), Tokelau Dictionary‎, Auckland: Office of Tokelau Affairs, page 37

Tooro

Etymology

Inherited from Common Bantu *jónà, variant of Proto-Bantu *-ncè (*-ncè > *-jéncè > *-jóncè > *-jóncà > *-jónà).

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /óːna/

Determiner

-ona

  1. all, whole, entire
    omuti gwona ― (the) whole tree
    abantu boona ― all (the) people
  2. (in the singular) any, every
    Synonym: buli
    omuti gwona ― every tree

Inflection
Inflected forms of -ona
Person Singular Plural
1st person nyeena itwena
2nd person weena inywena
3rd person 1/2 weena boona
3/4 gwona yoona
5/6 lyona goona
7/8 kyona byona
9/10 yoona zoona
11/10 rwona
12/14 koona bwona
13 twona
14/6 bwona goona
15/6 kwona
16 hoona

References
  1. Kaji, Shigeki (2007) A Rutooro Vocabulary‎, Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA), →ISBN, pages 433-434
  2. Entry 3548 at Bantu Lexical Reconstructions 3

Turkish

Pronunciation
  • Audio(file)

Pronoun

ona

  1. to him

Uzbek
Other scripts
Cyrillic она (ona)‍
Latin ona‍
Perso-Arabic آنه

Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *ana.

Noun

ona (plural onalar)

  1. mother

Vilamovian

Etymology

From Middle High German āne, from Old High German āna, ānu, āno (“without”), from Proto-Germanic *ēnu, *ēnō (“without”), from Proto-Indo-European *anew, *enew (“without”). Cognate with German ohne.

Pronunciation
  • Audio(file)

Preposition

ona

  1. without, lacking

Volapük

Pronoun

ona

  1. (possessive) (genitive singular of on) its

Synonyms

Xhosa

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-jóna.

Verb

-ôna

  1. (transitive) to do wrong
  2. (intransitive) to sin

Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

Zulu

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-jóna.

Verb

-ôna

  1. (transitive) to ruin, to spoil
  2. (intransitive) to sin

Inflection
Tone HH
Infinitive ukona
Positive Negative
Infinitive ukona ukungoni
Imperative
Simple + object concord
Singular yona -one
Plural yonani -oneni
Present
Positive absolute Positive relative Positive participial Negative absolute Negative relative Negative participial
1st singular ngiyona, ngona engonayo, engona ngona angoni engingoni ngingoni
2nd singular uyona, wona owonayo, owona wona awoni ongoni ungoni
1st plural siyona, sona esonayo, esona sona asoni esingoni singoni
2nd plural niyona, nona enonayo, enona nona anoni eningoni ningoni
Class 1 uyona, wona owonayo, owona ona akoni ongoni engoni
Class 2 bayona, bona abonayo, abona bona aboni abangoni bengoni
Class 3 uyona, wona owonayo, owona wona awoni ongoni ungoni
Class 4 iyona, yona eyonayo, eyona yona ayoni engoni ingoni
Class 5 liyona, lona elonayo, elona lona aloni elingoni lingoni
Class 6 ayona, ona onayo, ona ona awoni angoni engoni
Class 7 siyona, sona esonayo, esona sona asoni esingoni singoni
Class 8 ziyona, zona ezonayo, ezona zona azoni ezingoni zingoni
Class 9 iyona, yona eyonayo, eyona yona ayoni engoni ingoni
Class 10 ziyona, zona ezonayo, ezona zona azoni ezingoni zingoni
Class 11 luyona, lona olonayo, olona lona aloni olungoni lungoni
Class 14 buyona, bona obonayo, obona bona aboni obungoni bungoni
Class 15 kuyona, kona okonayo, okona kona akoni okungoni kungoni
Class 17 kuyona, kona okonayo, okona kona akoni okungoni kungoni
Recent past
Positive absolute Positive relative Positive participial Negative absolute Negative relative Negative participial
1st singular ngonile, ngonē engonile, engonē ngonile, ngonē angonanga engingonanga ngingonanga
2nd singular wonile, wonē owonile, owonē wonile, wonē awonanga ongonanga ungonanga
1st plural sonile, sonē esonile, esonē sonile, sonē asonanga esingonanga singonanga
2nd plural nonile, nonē enonile, enonē nonile, nonē anonanga eningonanga ningonanga
Class 1 wonile, wonē owonile, owonē onile, onē akonanga ongonanga engonanga
Class 2 bonile, bonē abonile, abonē bonile, bonē abonanga abangonanga bengonanga
Class 3 wonile, wonē owonile, owonē wonile, wonē awonanga ongonanga ungonanga
Class 4 yonile, yonē eyonile, eyonē yonile, yonē ayonanga engonanga ingonanga
Class 5 lonile, lonē elonile, elonē lonile, lonē alonanga elingonanga lingonanga
Class 6 onile, onē onile, onē onile, onē awonanga angonanga engonanga
Class 7 sonile, sonē esonile, esonē sonile, sonē asonanga esingonanga singonanga
Class 8 zonile, zonē ezonile, ezonē zonile, zonē azonanga ezingonanga zingonanga
Class 9 yonile, yonē eyonile, eyonē yonile, yonē ayonanga engonanga ingonanga
Class 10 zonile, zonē ezonile, ezonē zonile, zonē azonanga ezingonanga zingonanga
Class 11 lonile, lonē olonile, olonē lonile, lonē alonanga olungonanga lungonanga
Class 14 bonile, bonē obonile, obonē bonile, bonē abonanga obungonanga bungonanga
Class 15 konile, konē okonile, okonē konile, konē akonanga okungonanga kungonanga
Class 17 konile, konē okonile, okonē konile, konē akonanga okungonanga kungonanga
Remote past
Positive absolute Positive relative Positive participial Negative absolute Negative relative Negative participial
1st singular ngōna engōna ngōna angonanga engingonanga ngingonanga
2nd singular wōna owōna wōna awonanga ongonanga ungonanga
1st plural sōna esōna sōna asonanga esingonanga singonanga
2nd plural nōna enōna nōna anonanga eningonanga ningonanga
Class 1 wōna owōna ōna akonanga ongonanga engonanga
Class 2 bōna abōna bōna abonanga abangonanga bengonanga
Class 3 wōna owōna wōna awonanga ongonanga ungonanga
Class 4 yōna eyōna yōna ayonanga engonanga ingonanga
Class 5 lōna elōna lōna alonanga elingonanga lingonanga
Class 6 ōna ōna ōna awonanga angonanga engonanga
Class 7 sōna esōna sōna asonanga esingonanga singonanga
Class 8 zōna ezōna zōna azonanga ezingonanga zingonanga
Class 9 yōna eyōna yōna ayonanga engonanga ingonanga
Class 10 zōna ezōna zōna azonanga ezingonanga zingonanga
Class 11 lōna olōna lōna alonanga olungonanga lungonanga
Class 14 bōna obōna bōna abonanga obungonanga bungonanga
Class 15 kōna okōna kōna akonanga okungonanga kungonanga
Class 17 kōna okōna kōna akonanga okungonanga kungonanga
Potential
Positive absolute Positive relative Positive participial Negative absolute Negative relative Negative participial
1st singular ngingona — ngingona ngingone — ngingone
2nd singular ungona — ungona ungone — ungone
1st plural singona — singona singone — singone
2nd plural ningona — ningona ningone — ningone
Class 1 angona — engona angone — engone
Class 2 bangona — bengona bangone — bengone
Class 3 ungona — ungona ungone — ungone
Class 4 ingona — ingona ingone — ingone
Class 5 lingona — lingona lingone — lingone
Class 6 angona — engona angone — engone
Class 7 singona — singona singone — singone
Class 8 zingona — zingona zingone — zingone
Class 9 ingona — ingona ingone — ingone
Class 10 zingona — zingona zingone — zingone
Class 11 lungona — lungona lungone — lungone
Class 14 bungona — bungona bungone — bungone
Class 15 kungona — kungona kungone — kungone
Class 17 kungona — kungona kungone — kungone
Immediate future
Positive absolute Positive relative Positive participial Negative absolute Negative relative Negative participial
1st singular ngizokona engizokona ngizokona angizukona engingezukona ngingezukona
2nd singular uzokona ozokona uzokona awuzukona ongezukona ungezukona
1st plural sizokona esizokona sizokona asizukona esingezukona singezukona
2nd plural nizokona enizokona nizokona anizukona eningezukona ningezukona
Class 1 uzokona ozokona ezokona akazukona ongezukona engezukona
Class 2 bazokona abazokona bezokona abazukona abangezukona bengezukona
Class 3 uzokona ozokona uzokona awuzukona ongezukona ungezukona
Class 4 izokona ezokona izokona ayizukona engezukona ingezukona
Class 5 lizokona elizokona lizokona alizukona elingezukona lingezukona
Class 6 azokona azokona ezokona awazukona angezukona engezukona
Class 7 sizokona esizokona sizokona asizukona esingezukona singezukona
Class 8 zizokona ezizokona zizokona azizukona ezingezukona zingezukona
Class 9 izokona ezokona izokona ayizukona engezukona ingezukona
Class 10 zizokona ezizokona zizokona azizukona ezingezukona zingezukona
Class 11 luzokona oluzokona luzokona aluzukona olungezukona lungezukona
Class 14 buzokona obuzokona buzokona abuzukona obungezukona bungezukona
Class 15 kuzokona okuzokona kuzokona akuzukona okungezukona kungezukona
Class 17 kuzokona okuzokona kuzokona akuzukona okungezukona kungezukona
Remote future
Positive absolute Positive relative Positive participial Negative absolute Negative relative Negative participial
1st singular ngiyokona engiyokona ngiyokona angiyukona engingeyukona ngingeyukona
2nd singular uyokona oyokona uyokona awuyukona ongeyukona ungeyukona
1st plural siyokona esiyokona siyokona asiyukona esingeyukona singeyukona
2nd plural niyokona eniyokona niyokona aniyukona eningeyukona ningeyukona
Class 1 uyokona oyokona eyokona akayukona ongeyukona engeyukona
Class 2 bayokona abayokona beyokona abayukona abangeyukona bengeyukona
Class 3 uyokona oyokona uyokona awuyukona ongeyukona ungeyukona
Class 4 iyokona eyokona iyokona ayiyukona engeyukona ingeyukona
Class 5 liyokona eliyokona liyokona aliyukona elingeyukona lingeyukona
Class 6 ayokona ayokona eyokona awayukona angeyukona engeyukona
Class 7 siyokona esiyokona siyokona asiyukona esingeyukona singeyukona
Class 8 ziyokona eziyokona ziyokona aziyukona ezingeyukona zingeyukona
Class 9 iyokona eyokona iyokona ayiyukona engeyukona ingeyukona
Class 10 ziyokona eziyokona ziyokona aziyukona ezingeyukona zingeyukona
Class 11 luyokona oluyokona luyokona aluyukona olungeyukona lungeyukona
Class 14 buyokona obuyokona buyokona abuyukona obungeyukona bungeyukona
Class 15 kuyokona okuyokona kuyokona akuyukona okungeyukona kungeyukona
Class 17 kuyokona okuyokona kuyokona akuyukona okungeyukona kungeyukona
Present subjunctive
Positive Negative
1st singular ngone ngingoni
2nd singular wone ungoni
1st plural sone singoni
2nd plural none ningoni
Class 1 one angoni
Class 2 bone bangoni
Class 3 wone ungoni
Class 4 yone ingoni
Class 5 lone lingoni
Class 6 one angoni
Class 7 sone singoni
Class 8 zone zingoni
Class 9 yone ingoni
Class 10 zone zingoni
Class 11 lone lungoni
Class 14 bone bungoni
Class 15 kone kungoni
Class 17 kone kungoni
Past subjunctive
Positive Negative
1st singular ngona ngangona, angona, angangona
2nd singular wona wangona, awona, awangona
1st plural sona sangona, asona, asangona
2nd plural nona nangona, anona, anangona
Class 1 wona wangona, akona, akangona
Class 2 bona bangona, abona, abangona
Class 3 wona wangona, awona, awangona
Class 4 yona yangona, ayona, ayangona
Class 5 lona langona, alona, alangona
Class 6 ona angona, awona, awangona
Class 7 sona sangona, asona, asangona
Class 8 zona zangona, azona, azangona
Class 9 yona yangona, ayona, ayangona
Class 10 zona zangona, azona, azangona
Class 11 lona lwangona, alona, alwangona
Class 14 bona bangona, abona, abangona
Class 15 kona kwangona, akona, akwangona
Class 17 kona kwangona, akona, akwangona

References
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