s'

See also: Appendix:Variations of "s"

Albanian

Alternative forms

Etymology

Short for së (“not”) (not to be confused with adjectival article së and conjunction se (“that (as), when”)). This is in turn from Proto-Albanian *tśe, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷíd (“that (relative)”)[1]

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /s/, (before voiced consonants) /z/

Adverb

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s'

  1. negates the meaning of the modified verb: not, don't
    Synonym: nuk
    Unë di. - Unë s'di.
    I know. - I don't know.
    Jam, s'jam. Je, s'je.
    I am, I'm not. You are, you aren't.

References
  1. Albanische Etymologien (Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz), Bardhyl Demiraj, Leiden Studies in Indo-European 7; Amsterdam - Atlanta 1997. p. 276.

Asturian

Pronoun

s'

  1. Apocopic form of se before a vowel

Catalan

Pronoun

s’

  1. Contraction of es.

Usage notes
  • s' is the elided (elida) form of the pronoun. It is used before verbs beginning with a vowel.

Declension
Catalan personal pronouns and clitics
strong/subject weak (direct object) weak (indirect object) possessive
singular proclitic enclitic proclitic enclitic
1st person jo, mi3 em, m’ -me, ’m em, m’ -me, ’m meu
1st person majestic1 nós ens -nos, ’ns ens -nos, ’ns nostre
2nd person tu et, t’ -te, ’t et, t’ -te, ’t teu
2nd person formal1 vós us -vos, -us us -vos, -us vostre
2nd person very formal2 vostè el, l’ -lo, ’l li -li seu
3rd person masculine ell el, l’ -lo, ’l li -li seu
3rd person feminine ella la, l’4 -la li -li seu
3rd person neuter ho -ho li -li seu
3rd person reflexive si es, s’ -se, ’s es, s’ -se, ’s seu
plural
1st person nosaltres ens -nos, ’ns ens -nos, ’ns nostre
2nd person vosaltres us -vos, -us us -vos, -us vostre
2nd person formal2 vostès els -los, ’ls els -los, ’ls seu
3rd person masculine ells els -los, ’ls els -los, ’ls seu
3rd person feminine elles les -les els -los, ’ls seu
3rd person reflexive si es, s’ -se, ’s es, s’ -se, ’s seu
adverbial
ablative/genitive en, n’ -ne, ’n
locative hi -hi
1) Behaves grammatically as plural.
2) Behaves grammatically as third person.		 3) Only as object of a preposition.
4) Not before unstressed (h)i-, (h)u-.

French

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /s‿/
  • Audio(file)

Conjunction

s’

  1. Elision of si (“if”) before il or ils.
    S’il vous plaît ― Please / Here you are.
    S’il te plaît. ― Please / Here you are.
    Je ne sais pas s’ils viendront demain.
    I don’t know if they will come tomorrow.

Pronoun

s’ (third person)

  1. Elision of se before a word beginning with a vowel.
    Il s’habille. ― He’s dressing (himself).
    Il s’aime. ― He loves himself.
    Ils s’aiment.
    They love themselves. / They love each other.
  2. (informal) Elision of se before a word beginning with a consonant.
    Y s’bouge le cul ou quoi? ― Is he movin’ his ass or what?

Further reading

Italian

Pronoun

s' (apocopated)

  1. (before a vowel) Apocopic form of si

Usage notes
  • Commonly elides before a vowel, especially i and e.

See also
Italian personal pronouns
Number Person Gender Nominative Reflexive Accusative Dative Conjunctive Disjunctive Locative Partitive
Singularfirst— iomi, m', -mi me me —
second— tuti, t', -ti te te
thirdm luisi2, s', -silo, l', -logli, -gli glie, se2 lui, sé ci, c',
vi, v' (formal)		 ne, n'
f lei, Lei1la, La1, l', L'1, -la, -La1le3, Le1, -le3, -Le1 lei, Lei1, sé
Pluralfirst— noici, c', -ci ce noi —
second— voi, Voi4vi, Vi4, v', V'4, -vi, -Vi4 ve voi, Voi4
thirdm loro, Loro1si, s', -sili, Li1, -li, -Li1gli, -gli, loro (formal),
Loro1		 glie, se loro, Loro1, sé ci, c',
vi, v' (formal)		 ne, n'
f le, Le1, -le, -Le1
1Third person pronominal forms used as formal terms of address to refer to second person subjects (with the first letter frequently capitalised as a sign of respect, and to distinguish them from third person subjects). Unlike the singular forms, the plural forms are mostly antiquated terms of formal address in the modern language, and second person plural pronouns are almost always used instead.
2Also used as indefinite pronoun meaning “one”, and to form the passive.
3Often replaced by gli, -gli in informal language.
4Formal (capitalisation optional); in many regions, can refer to just one person (compare with French vous).

Manx

Alternative forms
  • s- (used before a vowel)
  • sh- (used before front vowels)

Etymology

From Old Irish is.

Particle

s'

  1. Present/future copula form
    S'mie lhiam shillishyn.
    I am fond of cherries.
    Shegin dooin goll dy chaggey.
    We have to go to war.
    my saillt ― please (said to one person)
  2. Used to introduce the comparative/superlative form of adjectives
    V'ee yn inneen s'bwaaee 'sy theihll.
    She was the prettiest girl in the world.
    fer s'gilley jeh mooinjey y vadran ― the brightest of the sons of the morning

Usage notes

Only used with adjectives. When nouns are equated with each other, use she.

Neapolitan

Pronoun

s’

  1. (before a vowel) Apocopic form of se

Norman

Etymology

Old French se < Latin sē.

Pronoun

s'

  1. third-person singular reflexive pronoun; oneself
    s'rêjoui ― to enjoy oneself

Old French

Pronoun

s'

  1. his; her; its (elided form of son or sa before a word starting with a vowel)
    s'oreille ― his ear

Romagnol

Conjunction

s'

  1. Apocopic form of se (“if”)
    • 1920, Olindo Guerrini, edited by Zanichelli, Sonetti romagnoli, published 1967:
      S'aví pazenzia d' lezer ste librett E ch'a sbrucheva i virs in rumagnol A i truvarí zinquanta e piò sunett Ch'av gudrí ch'a farí dal scapariol.
      If [you] are patient to read this book and you (can) understand the poetry in Romagnol you will find more than fifty sonnets that will entertain you more than tumbling.

Sardinian

Article

s' m or f (Logudorese, Campidanese, Nuorese)

  1. Apocopic form of su, used before a vowel: the (masculine singular definite article)
  2. Apocopic form of sa, used before a vowel: the (feminine singular definite article)

Sassarese

Pronoun

s'

  1. Apocopic form of si, used before a vowel
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