elles
Asturian
Catalan
See also
Catalan personal pronouns and clitics
Danish
French
Etymology
Inherited from Old French eles, from Latin illās, accusative feminine plural of ille.
Pronunciation
Pronoun
elles f pl (third-person plural, singular elle, accusative les, dative leur, emphatic elles, possessive determiner leur)
Related terms
French personal pronouns
Number | Person | Gender | Nominative (subject) |
Accusative (direct complement) |
Dative (indirect complement) |
Disjunctive (tonic) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | First | — | je, j’ | me, m’ | moi | |
Second | — | tu | te, t’ | toi | ||
Third | Masculine | il | le, l’ | lui | lui | |
Feminine | elle | la, l’ | elle | |||
Gender neutral5 | iel | lea | ellui | |||
Indeterminate | on1 | — | — | — | ||
Reflexive | — | se, s’4 | soi4 | |||
Plural | First | — | nous | nous | nous | |
Second | — | vous2 | vous2,3 | vous2 | ||
Third | Masculine | ils3 | les | leur | eux | |
Feminine | elles | elles | ||||
Gender neutral5 | iels | elleux |
- 1 Also used as the first person plural.
- 2 Also used as the polite singular form.
- 3 Also used when a group has both men and women.
- 4 Also used as third person plural reflexive.
- 5 Colloquial, and not in popular use.
Further reading
- “elles”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
Anagrams
Hungarian
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ˈɛlːɛʃ]
- Hyphenation: el‧les
- Rhymes: -ɛʃ
Verb
elles
- (transitive) to learn by watching, to acquire by (close and often secret) observation (from someone: -tól/-től)
- 1862, Imre Madách, The Tragedy of Man, translation by J.C.W. Horne, Iain MacLeod, and George Szirtes, Scene 1:
- Nehány golyóba összevissza gyúrva, / Most vonzza, űzi és taszítja egymást, / Nehány féregben öntudatra kél, / Míg minden megtelt, míg minden kihűlt, / És megmarad a semleges salak. – / Az ember ezt, ha egykor ellesi, / Vegykonyhájában szintén megteszi.
- That a few spheres this way or that revolve, / That one attracts another or repels, / That in a few worms dawns a consciousness, / Till all be fulfilled and till all grow cold / And only indistinguishable dust remain? / Why, man too, almost, if he should but learn, / Might in his kitchen seethe as good a broth
- Meanwhile this matter, kneaded into globes, / unfolds, attracts, repulses, whirls around, / till in some beast a conscious thought is kindled… / Then all fulfilled and all its heat expended, / indifferent, the neutral dust remains. / One day, man may himself acquire the knack / and plagiarize this crude experiment
- Are now screwed up into these tiny globes / That chase, attract or else repel each other, / Awaking a few worms to consciousness / Till all of space is tilled at last, grows cold, / And only the indifferent slag is left? / If man’s at all observant he’ll concoct / Some hash like this with his poor instruments.
- Meanwhile this matter, kneaded into globes, / unfolds, attracts, repulses, whirls around, / till in some beast a conscious thought is kindled… / Then all fulfilled and all its heat expended, / indifferent, the neutral dust remains. / One day, man may himself acquire the knack / and plagiarize this crude experiment
- That a few spheres this way or that revolve, / That one attracts another or repels, / That in a few worms dawns a consciousness, / Till all be fulfilled and till all grow cold / And only indistinguishable dust remain? / Why, man too, almost, if he should but learn, / Might in his kitchen seethe as good a broth
- Nehány golyóba összevissza gyúrva, / Most vonzza, űzi és taszítja egymást, / Nehány féregben öntudatra kél, / Míg minden megtelt, míg minden kihűlt, / És megmarad a semleges salak. – / Az ember ezt, ha egykor ellesi, / Vegykonyhájában szintén megteszi.
- 1862, Imre Madách, The Tragedy of Man, translation by J.C.W. Horne, Iain MacLeod, and George Szirtes, Scene 1:
Conjugation
conjugation of elles
Click for archaic forms | 1st person sg | 2nd person sg informal |
3rd person sg, 2nd p. sg formal |
1st person pl | 2nd person pl informal |
3rd person pl, 2nd p. pl formal | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indicative mood |
Present | Indef. | ellesek | ellesel | elles | ellesünk | ellestek | ellesnek | |
Def. | ellesem | ellesed | ellesi | ellessük | ellesitek | ellesik | |||
2nd-p. o. | elleslek | ― | |||||||
Past | Indef. | ellestem | ellestél | ellesett | ellestünk | ellestetek | ellestek | ||
Def. | ellestem | ellested | elleste | ellestük | ellestétek | ellesték | |||
2nd-p. o. | ellestelek | ― | |||||||
Future | Future is expressed with a present-tense verb with a completion-marking prefix and/or a time adverb, or—more explicitly—with the infinitive plus the conjugated auxiliary verb fog, e.g. el fog lesni. | ||||||||
Archaic Preterit |
Indef. | ellesék | ellesél | ellese | ellesénk | ellesétek | ellesének | ||
Def. | ellesém | elleséd | ellesé | ellesénk | ellesétek | ellesék | |||
2nd-p. o. | ellesélek | ― | |||||||
Archaic Past | Two additional past tenses: the present and the (current) past forms followed by vala (volt), e.g. elles vala, ellesett vala/volt. | ||||||||
Archaic Future |
Indef. | ellesendek | ellesendesz | ellesend | ellesendünk | ellesendetek | ellesendenek | ||
Def. | ellesendem | ellesended | ellesendi | ellesendjük | ellesenditek | ellesendik | |||
2nd-p. o. | ellesendelek | ― | |||||||
Conditional mood |
Present | Indef. | ellesnék | ellesnél | ellesne | ellesnénk | ellesnétek | ellesnének | |
Def. | ellesném | ellesnéd | ellesné | ellesnénk (or ellesnők) |
ellesnétek | ellesnék | |||
2nd-p. o. | ellesnélek | ― | |||||||
Past | Indicative past forms followed by volna, e.g. ellesett volna | ||||||||
Subjunctive mood |
Present | Indef. | ellessek | elless or ellessél |
ellessen | ellessünk | ellessetek | ellessenek | |
Def. | ellessem | ellesd or ellessed |
ellesse | ellessük | ellessétek | ellessék | |||
2nd-p. o. | ellesselek | ― | |||||||
(Archaic) Past | Indicative past forms followed by légyen, e.g. ellesett légyen | ||||||||
Infinitive | ellesni | ellesnem | ellesned | ellesnie | ellesnünk | ellesnetek | ellesniük | ||
Other forms |
Verbal noun | Present part. | Past part. | Future part. | Adverbial participle | Causative | |||
ellesés | elleső | ellesett | ellesendő | ellesve (ellesvén) | elleset | ||||
The archaic passive conjugation had the same -(t)at/-(t)et suffix as the causative, followed by -ik in the 3rd-person singular (and the concomitant changes in conditional and subjunctive mostly in the 1st- and 3rd-person singular like with other traditional -ik verbs). | |||||||||
The prefix can split from the verb stem, e.g. nem les el or el is les. |
potential conjugation of elles
Click for archaic forms | 1st person sg | 2nd person sg informal |
3rd person sg, 2nd p. sg formal |
1st person pl | 2nd person pl informal |
3rd person pl, 2nd p. pl formal | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indicative mood |
Present | Indef. | elleshetek | elleshetsz | elleshet | elleshetünk | elleshettek | elleshetnek | |
Def. | elleshetem | ellesheted | ellesheti | elleshetjük | elleshetitek | elleshetik | |||
2nd-p. o. | elleshetlek | ― | |||||||
Past | Indef. | elleshettem | elleshettél | elleshetett | elleshettünk | elleshettetek | elleshettek | ||
Def. | elleshettem | elleshetted | elleshette | elleshettük | elleshettétek | elleshették | |||
2nd-p. o. | elleshettelek | ― | |||||||
Archaic Preterit |
Indef. | ellesheték | elleshetél | elleshete | ellesheténk | elleshetétek | elleshetének | ||
Def. | elleshetém | elleshetéd | ellesheté | ellesheténk | elleshetétek | ellesheték | |||
2nd-p. o. | elleshetélek | ― | |||||||
Archaic Past | Two additional past tenses: the present and the (current) past forms followed by vala, e.g. elleshet vala, elleshetett vala/volt. | ||||||||
Archaic Future |
Indef. | elleshetendek or ellesandhatok |
elleshetendesz or ellesandhatsz |
elleshetend or ellesandhat |
elleshetendünk or ellesandhatunk |
elleshetendetek or ellesandhattok |
elleshetendenek or ellesandhatnak | ||
Def. | elleshetendem or ellesandhatom |
elleshetended or ellesandhatod |
elleshetendi or ellesandhatja |
elleshetendjük or ellesandhatjuk |
elleshetenditek or ellesandhatjátok |
elleshetendik or ellesandhatják | |||
2nd-p. o. | elleshetendelek or ellesandhatlak |
― | |||||||
Conditional mood |
Present | Indef. | elleshetnék | elleshetnél | elleshetne | elleshetnénk | elleshetnétek | elleshetnének | |
Def. | elleshetném | elleshetnéd | elleshetné | elleshetnénk (or elleshetnők) |
elleshetnétek | elleshetnék | |||
2nd-p. o. | elleshetnélek | ― | |||||||
Past | Indicative past forms followed by volna, e.g. elleshetett volna | ||||||||
Subjunctive mood |
Present | Indef. | elleshessek | elleshess or elleshessél |
elleshessen | elleshessünk | elleshessetek | elleshessenek | |
Def. | elleshessem | elleshesd or elleshessed |
elleshesse | elleshessük | elleshessétek | elleshessék | |||
2nd-p. o. | elleshesselek | ― | |||||||
(Archaic) Past | Indicative past forms followed by légyen, e.g. elleshetett légyen | ||||||||
Inf. | (elleshetni) | (elleshetnem) | (elleshetned) | (elleshetnie) | (elleshetnünk) | (elleshetnetek) | (elleshetniük) | ||
Positive adjective | elleshető | Neg. adj. | elleshetetlen | Adv. part. | (elleshetve / elleshetvén) | ||||
The prefix can split from the verb stem, e.g. nem leshet el or el is leshet. |
Further reading
- elles in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (‘The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
- elles in Ittzés, Nóra (ed.). A magyar nyelv nagyszótára (‘A Comprehensive Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2006–2031 (work in progress; published A–ez as of 2024)
Latvian
Middle English
Etymology
From Old English elles, from Proto-West Germanic *alljas.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈɛl(ə)s/
References
- “elles, adj. (also as noun).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
- “elles, adv.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
- “elles, conj.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
Norwegian Nynorsk
Etymology
From eller (“or”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈɛlːəs/
Adverb
elles
References
- “elles” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.
Old English
Etymology
Adverb
elles
- else
- late 10th century, Ælfric, "The Seven Sleepers"
- ...ac mē tōdæġ swā wundorlīce is ġelumpen þæt ic þurh nān þincg ne mæġ ġecnāwan hwæðer þys sȳ Ephesa byriġ þe elles ǣniġ ōþer;...
- But to-day it has befallen me so wonderfully that I cannot by any means recognise whether this be the city of the Ephesians or else any other.
- late 10th century, Ælfric, "The Seven Sleepers"
References
- Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller (1898) “ELLES”, in An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, 2nd edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Spanish
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): (most of Spain and Latin America) /ˈeʝes/ [ˈe.ʝes]
- IPA(key): (rural northern Spain, Andes Mountains) /ˈeʎes/ [ˈe.ʎes]
- IPA(key): (Buenos Aires and environs) /ˈeʃes/ [ˈe.ʃes]
- IPA(key): (elsewhere in Argentina and Uruguay) /ˈeʒes/ [ˈe.ʒes]
- (most of Spain and Latin America) Rhymes: -eʝes
- (rural northern Spain, Andes Mountains) Rhymes: -eʎes
- (Buenos Aires and environs) Rhymes: -eʃes
- (elsewhere in Argentina and Uruguay) Rhymes: -eʒes
- Syllabification: e‧lles
Pronoun
elles gender-neutral pl
- (gender-neutral, neologism) they; a gender-neutral plural third-person personal pronoun
- 2019, Centro de Estudios Legales y Sociales, Derechos humanos en la Argentina: Informe 2019, Siglo XXI Editores, →ISBN:
- Elles integraron los organismos junto a activistas que si bien no tenían parientes desaparecides se sumaron por trayectorias militantes y profesionales.
- They were part of the organizations along with activists who, although they had no relatives who had disappeared, joined them through militant and professional trajectories.
- plural of elle
See also
Spanish personal pronouns
nominative | dative | accusative | disjunctive | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first person | singular | yo | me | mí1 | |||
plural | masculine2 | nosotros | nos | nosotros | |||
feminine | nosotras | nosotras | |||||
second person | singular | tuteo | tú | te | ti1 | ||
voseo | vos | vos | |||||
formal3 | usted | le, se4 | lo/la5 | usted | |||
plural | familiar6 | masculine2 | vosotros | os | vosotros | ||
feminine | vosotras | vosotras | |||||
formal/general3 | ustedes | les, se4 | los/las5 | ustedes | |||
third person | singular | masculine2 | él | le, se4 | lo | él | |
feminine | ella | la | ella | ||||
neuter | ello7 | lo | ello | ||||
plural | masculine2 | ellos | les, se4 | los | ellos | ||
feminine | ellas | las | ellas | ||||
reflexive | — | se | sí1 |
- Not used with con; conmigo, contigo, and consigo are used instead, respectively
- Like other masculine Spanish words, masculine Spanish pronouns can be used when the gender of the subject is unknown or when the subject is plural and of mixed gender.
- Treated as if it were third-person for purposes of conjugation and reflexivity
- If le or les precedes lo, la, los, or las in a clause, it is replaced with se (e.g., Se lo dije instead of Le lo dije)
- Depending on the implicit gender of the object being referred to
- Used primarily in Spain
- Used only in rare circumstances
Yola
Etymology
From Middle English elles, from Old English elles, from Proto-West Germanic *alljas.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ɛɫs/
References
- Jacob Poole (d. 1827) (before 1828) William Barnes, editor, A Glossary, With some Pieces of Verse, of the old Dialect of the English Colony in the Baronies of Forth and Bargy, County of Wexford, Ireland, London: J. Russell Smith, published 1867, page 38
This article is issued from Wiktionary. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.