il
See also: Appendix:Variations of "il"
Translingual
Azerbaijani
| Cyrillic | ил | |
|---|---|---|
| Abjad | ایل | |
Etymology
From Proto-Turkic *yïl (“year”).[1] Cognate with Old Turkic 𐰘𐰃𐰞 (yïl).[2]
Pronunciation
Audio (file)
Noun
il (definite accusative ili, plural illər)
Declension
| Declension of il | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | |||||||
| nominative | il |
illər | ||||||
| definite accusative | ili |
illəri | ||||||
| dative | ilə |
illərə | ||||||
| locative | ildə |
illərdə | ||||||
| ablative | ildən |
illərdən | ||||||
| definite genitive | ilin |
illərin | ||||||
| Possessive forms of il | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | ||||||||
| singular | plural | |||||||
| mənim (“my”) | ilim | illərim | ||||||
| sənin (“your”) | ilin | illərin | ||||||
| onun (“his/her/its”) | ili | illəri | ||||||
| bizim (“our”) | ilimiz | illərimiz | ||||||
| sizin (“your”) | iliniz | illəriniz | ||||||
| onların (“their”) | ili or illəri | illəri | ||||||
| accusative | ||||||||
| singular | plural | |||||||
| mənim (“my”) | ilimi | illərimi | ||||||
| sənin (“your”) | ilini | illərini | ||||||
| onun (“his/her/its”) | ilini | illərini | ||||||
| bizim (“our”) | ilimizi | illərimizi | ||||||
| sizin (“your”) | ilinizi | illərinizi | ||||||
| onların (“their”) | ilini or illərini | illərini | ||||||
| dative | ||||||||
| singular | plural | |||||||
| mənim (“my”) | ilimə | illərimə | ||||||
| sənin (“your”) | ilinə | illərinə | ||||||
| onun (“his/her/its”) | ilinə | illərinə | ||||||
| bizim (“our”) | ilimizə | illərimizə | ||||||
| sizin (“your”) | ilinizə | illərinizə | ||||||
| onların (“their”) | ilinə or illərinə | illərinə | ||||||
| locative | ||||||||
| singular | plural | |||||||
| mənim (“my”) | ilimdə | illərimdə | ||||||
| sənin (“your”) | ilində | illərində | ||||||
| onun (“his/her/its”) | ilində | illərində | ||||||
| bizim (“our”) | ilimizdə | illərimizdə | ||||||
| sizin (“your”) | ilinizdə | illərinizdə | ||||||
| onların (“their”) | ilində or illərində | illərində | ||||||
| ablative | ||||||||
| singular | plural | |||||||
| mənim (“my”) | ilimdən | illərimdən | ||||||
| sənin (“your”) | ilindən | illərindən | ||||||
| onun (“his/her/its”) | ilindən | illərindən | ||||||
| bizim (“our”) | ilimizdən | illərimizdən | ||||||
| sizin (“your”) | ilinizdən | illərinizdən | ||||||
| onların (“their”) | ilindən or illərindən | illərindən | ||||||
| genitive | ||||||||
| singular | plural | |||||||
| mənim (“my”) | ilimin | illərimin | ||||||
| sənin (“your”) | ilinin | illərinin | ||||||
| onun (“his/her/its”) | ilinin | illərinin | ||||||
| bizim (“our”) | ilimizin | illərimizin | ||||||
| sizin (“your”) | ilinizin | illərinizin | ||||||
| onların (“their”) | ilinin or illərinin | illərinin | ||||||
References
- Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*jɨl”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
- Abuseitova, M. Kh, Bukhatuly, B., editors (2008), “𐰖𐰃𐰞”, in TÜRIK BITIG: Ethno Cultural Dictionary, Language Committee of Ministry of Culture and Information of Republic of Kazakhstan
Bunak
Further reading
- A. Schapper, J. Huber, A. van Engelenhoven, The Historical Relation of the Papuan Languages of Timor and Kisar, Language and Linguistics in Melnesia, Special Issue : On the History, Contact and Classification of Papuan languages (2012) pp. 194-242
Faroese
French
Etymology
Inherited from Middle French il, from Old French il, from Vulgar Latin *illī, which is derived from Classical Latin ille.[1]
Pronunciation
Pronoun
il m (third-person singular, plural ils, accusative le, dative lui, emphatic lui, possessive determiner son)
- he (third-person singular masculine subject pronoun for human subject)
- Il est parti.
- He left.
- it (third-person singular subject pronoun for grammatically masculine objects)
- Je cherche mon livre. Où est-il ?
- I'm looking for my book. Where is it?
- (impersonal pronoun) Impersonal subject; it
- Il pleut.
- It’s raining.
Related terms
French personal pronouns
| Number | Person | Gender | Nominative (subject) |
Accusative (direct complement) |
Dative (indirect complement) |
Disjunctive (tonic) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | First | — | je, j’ | me, m’ | moi | |
| Second | — | tu | te, t’ | toi | ||
| Third | Masculine | il | le, l’ | lui | lui | |
| Feminine | elle | la, l’ | elle | |||
| Gender neutral5 | iel | lea | ellui | |||
| Indeterminate | on1 | — | — | — | ||
| Reflexive | — | se, s’4 | soi4 | |||
| Plural | First | — | nous | nous | nous | |
| Second | — | vous2 | vous2,3 | vous2 | ||
| Third | Masculine | ils3 | les | leur | eux | |
| Feminine | elles | elles | ||||
| Gender neutral5 | iels | elleux | ||||
- 1 Also used as the first person plural.
- 2 Also used as the polite singular form.
- 3 Also used when a group has both men and women.
- 4 Also used as third person plural reflexive.
- 5 Colloquial, and not in popular use.
References
- Dauzat, Albert with Jean Dubois, Henri Mitterand (1964) chapter IL, in Nouveau dictionnaire étymologique (in French), Paris: Librairie Larousse
Further reading
- chapter IL, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
Anagrams
Icelandic
Etymology
From Old Norse il, from Proto-Germanic *iljō.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ɪːl/
- Rhymes: -ɪːl
Noun
Declension
Derived terms
- frá hvirfli til ilja
Ido
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /il/
See also
 |
Singular | Plural | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | Possessive | Nominative | Possessive | ||||
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | ||||
| First person | me | mea | mei | ni | nia | nii | |
| Second person | Formal | vu | vua | vui | vi | via | vii |
| Familiar | tu | tua | tui | ||||
| Third person | Masculine | ilu, il | ilua | ilui | ili | ilia | ilii |
| Feminine | elu, el | elua | elui | eli | elia | elii | |
| Neuter | olu, ol | olua | olui | oli | olia | olii | |
| Common | lu | lua | lui | li | lia | lii | |
| Reflexive | su | sua | sui | su | sua | sui | |
| Indefinite | onu, on | onua | onui | onu, on | onua | onui | |
| Notes | |||||||
| The possessive plurals are seldom used. | |||||||
| The shortened forms are preferred. | |||||||
| The pangendered forms are preferred to the gendered or neuter forms in most scenarios. | |||||||
Interlingua
Pronoun
il
- personal pronoun used with impersonal verbs
- Il ha multe arbores illac.
- There are many trees there.
Usage notes
Optional.
Irish
Etymology 1
From Old Irish il, from Proto-Celtic *ɸilus, from Proto-Indo-European *pélh₁us, from Proto-Indo-European *pelh₁-.
Adjective
il (genitive singular masculine il, genitive singular feminine ile, plural ile, comparative ile)
- (literary) many
Derived terms
Adjective
il (genitive singular masculine il, genitive singular feminine ile, plural ile, comparative ile)
- Alternative form of oll (“great; huge, vast, immense”)
Declension
Mutation
| Irish mutation | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Radical | Eclipsis | with h-prothesis | with t-prothesis |
| il | n-il | hil | not applicable |
| Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. | |||
Further reading
- Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) chapter IL, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
- Entries containing “il” in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm, 1959, by Tomás de Bhaldraithe.
- Entries containing “il” in New English-Irish Dictionary by Foras na Gaeilge.
Italian
Alternative forms
Etymology
From earlier *ille, *elle, from Latin illum (and illud), ultimately from ille. The final vowel fell by apocope, and the /e/ (< Latin ⟨ē ĭ⟩) in monosyllable particles shifted to /i/ in Tuscan, compare in, di, ri-, mi. The form el is found in older texts and can still be heard regionally.
Patota claims this to be from the older form lo (from the same source), via an intermediate form l. The initial i would be a svarabhakti vowel added to the form l in order to make the pronunciation easier.[1]
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /il/
Audio (file) - (after vowels) IPA(key): /‿jl/, /‿l/
- (regional, Tuscany) IPA(key): /i/*
Article
| Italian Definite Articles | ||
|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | |
| masculine | il lo/l' |
i gli |
| feminine | la/l' | le |
il m sg (plural i)
References
- Patota, Giuseppe (2002) Lineamenti di grammatica storica dell'italiano (in Italian), Bologna: il Mulino, →ISBN, pages 123, 124
Norwegian Bokmål
Norwegian Nynorsk
Etymology
From Old Norse il f, from Proto-Germanic *iljō f, *ili n.
Inflection
Historical inflection of il
Forms in italics are currently considered non-standard. Forms in [brackets] were official, but considered second-tier. Forms in (parentheses) were allowed under Midlandsnormalen. 1Nouns were capitalised for most of the 19th century. Like il, see also fet and hes. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
References
- “il” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.
Old French
Etymology 2
From Vulgar Latin illī, nominative masculine plural of Latin ille.
Alternative forms
- ils (late, analogic)
Pronoun
il m pl (feminine eles)
- they (third-person masculine plural subject pronoun)
- c. 1170, Wace, Le Roman de Rou:
- S'il vos poent ataindre, ja vos areient tué.
- If they could range you, they would have already killed you.
Old Irish
Alternative forms
Etymology
From Proto-Celtic *ɸilus, from Proto-Indo-European *pélh₁us, from Proto-Indo-European *pelh₁-. Cognate with Gothic 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿 (filu, “much”), Ancient Greek πολύς (polús, “much”), Sanskrit पुरु (puru, “much”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /il/
Adjective
il (equative lir, comparative lia)
- much, many (usually as the first member of a compound, usually governs a plural noun)
- cosin taidbse il ― with much ostentation
- Is amlid do·rigéni Dia corp duini ó il-ballaib. ― Thus God has made man's body of many members.
- Is ferr precept oldaas labrad il-béelre. ― Preaching is better than speaking many languages.
- c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 4d15
- In Belzefuth: is béss didu ind lïacc benir il-béim friss, et intí do·thuit foir ɔ·boing a chnámi, intí fora tuit-som immurgu at·bail-side.
- The Beelzebub: it is the custom, then, of the stone that many blows are hit on it, and he who falls upon it breaks his bones; however, he whom it falls on perishes
- c. 845, St Gall Glosses on Priscian, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1975, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. II, pp. 49–224, Sg. 26b7
- De dliguth trá inna n-il-toimdden sin, is de gaibthi “igitur”; quasi dixisset “Ní fail ní nád taí mo dligeth-sa fair i ndegaid na comroircnech.”
- Of the law then, of those many opinions, it is thereof that he recites “igitur”; as if he had said, “There is nothing which my law does not touch upon after the erroneous ones.
Inflection
As a preposed adjective, usually uninflected, but the following forms are found occasionally:
- Nominative/accusative plural: ili
- Dative plural: ilib
Mutation
| Old Irish mutation | ||
|---|---|---|
| Radical | Lenition | Nasalization |
| il | unchanged | n-il |
| Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. | ||
Further reading
- G. Toner, M. Ní Mhaonaigh, S. Arbuthnot, D. Wodtko, M.-L. Theuerkauf, editors (2019), “1 il”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
Old Norse
Etymology
From Proto-Germanic *iljō, *ili (“sole”).
Declension
References
“il”, in Geir T. Zoëga (1910) A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press
Somali
References
- “il” In: Abdullah Umar Mansur (1985) Qaamuska Afsoomaliga.
- Salim Alio Ibro (1998) English-Jiddu-Somali Mini-Dictionary, Victoria, Australia: La Trobe University Language Center, →ISBN
Swedish
Etymology
From ila (“to hurry”).
Noun
il c
Declension
| Declension of il | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |||
| Indefinite | Definite | Indefinite | Definite | |
| Nominative | il | ilen | ilar | ilarna |
| Genitive | ils | ilens | ilars | ilarnas |
Derived terms
References
Turkish
Etymology
From Ottoman Turkish ایل (il), from Proto-Turkic *ēl (“realm”). Doublet of el.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /il/
Tzotzil
Alternative forms
- 'il
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ʔil/
References
- Laughlin, Robert M. [et al.] (1988) The Great Tzotzil Dictionary of Santo Domingo Zinacantán, vol. I. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.
Yucatec Maya
Conjugation
conjugation of il
| singular | plural | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | |
| imperfective | kin wilik | ka wilik | ku yilik | k ilik | ka wilikeʼex | ku yilikoʼob |
| perfective | tin wilaj | ta wilaj | tu yilaj | t k ilaj | ta wilajeʼex | tu yilajoʼob |
| subjunctive | ka in wilej | ka a wilej | ka u yilej | ka k ilej | ka a wileʼex | ka u yiloʼob |
| imperative | - | ilej | - | - | ileʼex | - |
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