c'
See also: cʼ and Appendix:Variations of "c"
French
Alternative forms
- ç’ (before ‹a›, ‹o› and ‹u›)
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /s‿/
Audio (file)
Related terms
French personal pronouns
| Number | Person | Gender | Nominative (subject) |
Accusative (direct complement) |
Dative (indirect complement) |
Disjunctive (tonic) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | First | — | je, j’ | me, m’ | moi | |
| Second | — | tu | te, t’ | toi | ||
| Third | Masculine | il | le, l’ | lui | lui | |
| Feminine | elle | la, l’ | elle | |||
| Gender neutral5 | iel | lea | ellui | |||
| Indeterminate | on1 | — | — | — | ||
| Reflexive | — | se, s’4 | soi4 | |||
| Plural | First | — | nous | nous | nous | |
| Second | — | vous2 | vous2,3 | vous2 | ||
| Third | Masculine | ils3 | les | leur | eux | |
| Feminine | elles | elles | ||||
| Gender neutral5 | iels | elleux | ||||
- 1 Also used as the first person plural.
- 2 Also used as the polite singular form.
- 3 Also used when a group has both men and women.
- 4 Also used as third person plural reflexive.
- 5 Colloquial, and not in popular use.
Further reading
- “c'”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
Italian
Conjunction
c' (apocopated)
- (literary, before h or vowels different from e and i) Apocopic form of che
Alternative forms
- ch' (before the vowels e or i)
Pronoun
c' (apocopated)
See also
Italian personal pronouns
| Number | Person | Gender | Nominative | Reflexive | Accusative | Dative | Conjunctive | Disjunctive | Locative | Partitive |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | first | — | io | mi, m', -mi | me | me | — | |||
| second | — | tu | ti, t', -ti | te | te | |||||
| third | m | lui | si2, s', -si | lo, l', -lo | gli, -gli | glie, se2 | lui, sé | ci, c', vi, v' (formal) |
ne, n' | |
| f | lei, Lei1 | la, La1, l', L'1, -la, -La1 | le3, Le1, -le3, -Le1 | lei, Lei1, sé | ||||||
| Plural | first | — | noi | ci, c', -ci | ce | noi | — | |||
| second | — | voi, Voi4 | vi, Vi4, v', V'4, -vi, -Vi4 | ve | voi, Voi4 | |||||
| third | m | loro, Loro1 | si, s', -si | li, Li1, -li, -Li1 | gli, -gli, loro (formal), Loro1 |
glie, se | loro, Loro1, sé | ci, c', vi, v' (formal) |
ne, n' | |
| f | le, Le1, -le, -Le1 | |||||||||
| 1 | Third person pronominal forms used as formal terms of address to refer to second person subjects (with the first letter frequently capitalised as a sign of respect, and to distinguish them from third person subjects). Unlike the singular forms, the plural forms are mostly antiquated terms of formal address in the modern language, and second person plural pronouns are almost always used instead. | |||||||||
| 2 | Also used as indefinite pronoun meaning “one”, and to form the passive. | |||||||||
| 3 | Often replaced by gli, -gli in informal language. | |||||||||
| 4 | Formal (capitalisation optional); in many regions, can refer to just one person (compare with French vous). | |||||||||
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