R
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Translingual
Alternative forms
- Ꝛ (archaic, rare)
Etymology
From the Etruscan letter 𐌓 (r, “er”), from the Ancient Greek letter Ρ (R, “rho”), derived from the Phoenician letter 𐤓 (r, “reš”), from the Egyptian hieroglyph 𓁶.
See also
Symbol
R
- Abbreviation of ronna-.
- (currency symbol) Rand, national currency of South Africa.
- (metrology) roentgen
- (physics) resistance (in electricity)
- (organic chemistry) An unspecified radical, usually containing a carbon atom that binds to the structure of interest.
- Alcohols have the generic formula ROH.
- (genetics) IUPAC 1-letter abbreviation for any purine.
- (biochemistry) IUPAC 1-letter abbreviation for arginine.
- (linguistics) A wildcard for a rhotic consonant or a resonant (sonorant)
- synonyms: S for a sonorant
- (linguistics) rising tone
- (finance) Long-term bond credit rating by S&P Global Ratings, indicating that a bond is extremely speculative and possibly in default, with some prospect of debt recovery.
Gallery
- Uppercase and lowercase versions of R, in normal and italic type
- Uppercase and lowercase R in Fraktur
See also
The template Template:Letter does not use the parameter(s): Character=RPlease see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.
Other representations of R:
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English
Etymology 1
This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.
Pronunciation
(Name of letter)
Letter
See also
Number
R (upper case, lower case r)
- The ordinal number eighteenth, derived from this letter of the English alphabet, called ar and written in the Latin script.
Etymology 2
Abbreviations
Noun
R
- (entomology) radius
- (US, politics) Abbreviation of Republican, especially preceding the constituent location.
- R-Texas
- Antonym: D (“Democrat”)
- (monarchy) rex (“king”) or regina (“queen”); the initial by which a British monarch signs documents after his or her name
- (handbells) ring
- (chess) rook
- (baseball, cricket) runs, the statistic reporting the number of runs scored by a player
- (law) the Crown, the government of a monarchy (abbreviating rex (“king”) or regina (“queen”))
- The English case of R v R [1992] AC 599 ruled that rape can be committed by a husband against his wife.
- (especially in university catalogs) Thursday
- 1986, Cornell University Courses of Study, page 250:
- Lecs, T R 9:05; lab, M T W R or F 1:25—4:25, or M or W 7:30—10:30 p.m.
- 2000 August, M.W. Carter, “A Comprehensive Course Timetabling and Student Scheduling System at the University of Waterloo”, in Edmund Burke, Wilhelm Erben, editors, Practice and Theory of Automated Timetabling III, Springer, published 2001, →ISBN, page 66:
- 8:30 MWF (3 x 1 hour) […] 8:30-10 TR (2 x 1.5 hours)
- 2007, W. Ted Mahavier, “Syllabus for Analysis” (Lamar University course syllabus), appendix II.A of Charles A. Coppin et al., The Moore Method: A Pathway to Learner-Centered Instruction, Mathematical Association of America (2009), →ISBN, page 201:
- Office Hours: MTWRF: 9:00–11:00, 1:30–3:00 or stop by my office anytime.
Proper noun
R
- (religion) In the context of the documentary hypothesis, the Redactor(s) who compiled and edited the Torah.
- 2006, David Ringo Miano, Shadow on the steps (dissertation), UC San Diego, page 5:
- One needs to be careful, however, to distinguish between original P and the work of the later priestly Redactor (R), who edited P and other documents in the postexilic period.
See also
- R-coloured
Afar
Letter
R
- The twelfth letter in the Afar alphabet.
Azerbaijani
Letter
R upper case (lower case r)
Central Franconian
Etymology
- /ʀ/ is from West Germanic *r. In most dialects it is vowelised in two cases: (1.) between a short vowel and an alveolar, (2.) after a long vowel. Especially in the former case it may also be lost entirely.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ʀ/, /ə̯/
Letter
R
- A letter in the German-based alphabet of Central Franconian.
- A letter in the Dutch-based alphabet of Central Franconian.
Usage notes
- In the German-based spelling, r is doubled after short vowels except in certain function words and when the letter is followed by another consonant within the word stem.
- In the Dutch-based spelling, r is doubled after short vowels if the syllable were otherwise open.
Chinese
Pronunciation
Pronunciation 1
Letter
R
- The eighteenth letter of the Latin alphabet.
Pronunciation 2
Usage notes
- 《汉语拼音方案》 defines a standard pronunciation for each letter. However, these pronunciations are rarely used in education; another pronunciation is commonly used instead.
- The pronunciation above are only used while referring to letters in Pinyin. They are not used in other context (such as English).
Dutch
Pronunciation
- (letter name): IPA(key): /ɛr/
Audio (file)
Esperanto
Pronunciation
- (letter name): IPA(key): /ro/
- (phoneme): IPA(key): /r/
Audio (file)
Letter
R (upper case, lower case r)
Estonian
Letter
R (upper case, lower case r)
Finnish
Etymology
The Finnish orthography using the Latin script was based on those of Swedish, German and Latin, and was first used in the mid-16th century. No earlier script is known. See the Wikipedia article on Finnish for more information, and R for information on the development of the glyph itself.
Letter
R (upper case, lower case r)
German
Pronunciation
- (letter name) IPA(key): /ɛr/, [ʔɛʁ], [ʔɛɐ̯]
- (phoneme) IPA(key): /r/, [ʁ], [ɾ], [ɐ̯], [ː]
Audio (file)
Usage notes
- The letter R has a variety of possible realisations in contemporary German. Three positions must be distinguished:
- Before vowels, the variation is mostly between a uvular consonant (fricative, approximant, or rarely trill) and an alveolar consonant (trill, flap, or rarely approximant). In northern, central, and south-western Germany, the alveolar pronunciation is now rare and chiefly restricted to the elderly generation of some areas. In south-eastern Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and South Tyrol, it remains more common; but even in these regions the uvular R is gaining ground and is already strongly predominant in some parts (e.g. Vienna).
- Word-finally and before consonants, most accents may vowelise R to [ɐ̯]~[ə̯], but in different ways. Vowelisation is commonest after long vowels and /ə/, where it is also prescribed in the broadcasting standard. A majority of speakers, however, vowelise R after short vowels, too. The resulting diphthongs may be contracted and length distinctions before vowelised R may be lost. The degree to which this happens differs regionally and idiolectally.
- Before the syllable -en /ən/, many speakers also vowelise R, though this is commonest in fast or casual speech, and consonantal realisations may be retained depending on the rhythm of the phrase as well as the formality of the context.
Related terms
- Zäpfchen-R, Zäpfchen-r
- Zungenspitzen-R, Zungenspitzen-r
Hungarian
Pronunciation
- (phoneme): IPA(key): [ˈr]
- (letter name): IPA(key): [ˈɛrː]
Letter
R (upper case, lower case r)
Declension
Inflection (stem in -e-, front unrounded harmony) | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
nominative | R | R-ek |
accusative | R-et | R-eket |
dative | R-nek | R-eknek |
instrumental | R-rel | R-ekkel |
causal-final | R-ért | R-ekért |
translative | R-ré | R-ekké |
terminative | R-ig | R-ekig |
essive-formal | R-ként | R-ekként |
essive-modal | — | — |
inessive | R-ben | R-ekben |
superessive | R-en | R-eken |
adessive | R-nél | R-eknél |
illative | R-be | R-ekbe |
sublative | R-re | R-ekre |
allative | R-hez | R-ekhez |
elative | R-ből | R-ekből |
delative | R-ről | R-ekről |
ablative | R-től | R-ektől |
non-attributive possessive - singular |
R-é | R-eké |
non-attributive possessive - plural |
R-éi | R-ekéi |
Possessive forms of R | ||
---|---|---|
possessor | single possession | multiple possessions |
1st person sing. | R-em | R-jeim |
2nd person sing. | R-ed | R-jeid |
3rd person sing. | R-je | R-jei |
1st person plural | R-ünk | R-jeink |
2nd person plural | R-etek | R-jeitek |
3rd person plural | R-jük | R-jeik |
See also
- (Latin-script letters) betű; A a, Á á, B b, C c, Cs cs, D d, Dz dz, Dzs dzs, E e, É é, F f, G g, Gy gy, H h, I i, Í í, J j, K k, L l, Ly ly, M m, N n, Ny ny, O o, Ó ó, Ö ö, Ő ő, P p, R r, S s, Sz sz, T t, Ty ty, U u, Ú ú, Ü ü, Ű ű, V v, Z z, Zs zs. Only in the extended alphabet: Q q W w X x Y y. Commonly used: ch. Also defined: à ë. In surnames (selection): ä aa cz ds eé eö ew oe oó th ts ÿ.
Ido
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ɾ/
Italian
Pronunciation
- (letter name) IPA(key): /ˈɛr.re/
- Rhymes: -ɛrre
- (phonemic realization) IPA(key): /r/
Letter
R f or m (invariable, upper case, lower case r)
Japanese
Etymology
From the romanization, which begins with R (R).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ɾe̞ːɰᵝa̠]
Kashubian
Etymology
The Kashubian orthography is based on the Latin alphabet. No earlier script is known. See the Kashubian alphabet article on Wikipedia for more, and R for development of the glyph itself.
Letter
R (upper case, lower case r)
Latin
Alternative forms
Proper noun
R
Noun
R
- (Catholicism) Abbreviation of responsorium, responsory, breviary.
- (Judaism) Abbreviation of rabbī.
- 1655, Edward Pococke, באב מוסי: Porta Moſis, ſive, diſſertationes aliqvot à R. Moſe Maimonide, main title
Adjective
R (plural RR)
- Abbreviation of reverendus, holy, reverend.
- Abbreviation of reverendissimus, most holy, most reverend.
References
- R in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
Latvian
Etymology
Proposed in 1908 as part of the new Latvian spelling by the scientific commission headed by K. Mīlenbahs, which was accepted and began to be taught in schools in 1909. Prior to that, Latvian had been written in German Fraktur, and sporadically in Cyrillic.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ɾ]
Malay
Pronunciation
- (Name of letter) IPA(key): [ar]
- (Phoneme, Syllable initial) IPA(key): [r]
- (Phoneme, Syllable final) IPA(key): [(r)]
Polish
Etymology
The Polish orthography is based on the Latin alphabet. No earlier script is known. See the history of Polish orthography article on Wikipedia for more, and R for development of the glyph itself.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /r/
Letter
R (upper case, lower case r)
Portuguese
Letter
R (upper case, lower case r)
Romani
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /r/
Letter
R (upper case, lower case r)
See also
- (Latin-script letters) A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, X x, I i, J j, K k, Kh kh, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Ph ph, R r, S s, T t, Th th, U u, V v, Z z International Standard: (À à, Ä ä, Ǎ ǎ), Ć ć, Ćh ćh, (È è, Ë ë, Ě ě), (Ì ì, Ï ï, Ǐ ǐ), (Ò ò, Ö ö, Ǒ ǒ), Rr rr, Ś ś, (Ù ù, Ü ü, Ǔ ǔ), Ź ź, Ʒ ʒ, Q q, Ç ç, ϴ θ. Pan-Vlax: Č č, Čh čh, Dž dž, (Dź dź), Ř ř, Š š, (Ś ś), Ž ž, (Ź ź).
References
- Yūsuke Sumi (2018) “R, r”, in ニューエクスプレスプラス ロマ(ジプシー)語 [New Express Plus Romani (Gypsy)] (in Japanese), Tokyo: Hakusuisha, published 2021, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 14
Scottish Gaelic
Letter
R (upper case, lower case r)
Silesian
Etymology
The Silesian orthography is based on the Latin alphabet. No earlier script is known. See the Silesian language article on Wikipedia for more, and R for development of the glyph itself.
Letter
R (upper case, lower case r)
Slovene
Letter
R (capital, lowercase r)
- The 18th letter of the Slovene alphabet. Preceded by P and followed by S.
Spanish
Tagalog
Pronunciation
- (Standard Tagalog)
- IPA(key): /ˈʔaɾ/ [ˈʔaɾ] (letter name, Filipino alphabet)
- Rhymes: -aɾ
- IPA(key): /ˈɾa/ [ˈɾa] (letter name, Abakada alphabet)
- Rhymes: -a
- IPA(key): /ˈʔeɾe/ [ˈʔɛ.ɾɛ] (letter name, Abecedario)
- Rhymes: -eɾe
- IPA(key): /ɾ/ [ɾ] (phoneme)
- IPA(key): /ˈʔaɾ/ [ˈʔaɾ] (letter name, Filipino alphabet)
Letter
R (upper case, lower case r, Baybayin spelling ᜀᜇ᜔)
- The twentieth letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Filipino alphabet), called ar and written in the Latin script.
See also
Letter
R (upper case, lower case r, Baybayin spelling ᜇ)
- The fifteenth letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Abakada alphabet), called ra and written in the Latin script.
Letter
R (upper case, lower case r, Baybayin spelling ᜁᜇᜒ)
- (historical) The twenty-first letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Abecedario), called ere and written in the Latin script.
Further reading
- “R”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, Manila, 2018
Turkish
Letter
R (upper case, lower case r)
Vietnamese
Pronunciation
- (Hà Nội) IPA(key): [ʔɛ˧˧ zəː˨˩]
- (Huế) IPA(key): [ʔɛ˧˧ ʐəː˦˩]
- (Hồ Chí Minh City) IPA(key): [ʔɛ˧˧ ɹəː˨˩]
- Phonetic: e rờThe template Template:vi-IPA does not use the parameter(s):
2=rờ
Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.
Letter
R (upper case, lower case r)
See also
- (Quốc ngữ letters) chữ cái; A a (À à, Ả ả, Ã ã, Á á, Ạ ạ), Ă ă (Ằ ằ, Ẳ ẳ, Ẵ ẵ, Ắ ắ, Ặ ặ), Â â (Ầ ầ, Ẩ ẩ, Ẫ ẫ, Ấ ấ, Ậ ậ), B b, C c (Ch ch), D d, Đ đ, E e (È è, Ẻ ẻ, Ẽ ẽ, É é, Ẹ ẹ), Ê ê (Ề ề, Ể ể, Ễ ễ, Ế ế, Ệ ệ), G g (Gh gh, Gi gi), H h, I i (Ì ì, Ỉ ỉ, Ĩ ĩ, Í í, Ị ị), K k (Kh kh), L l, M m, N n (Ng ng, Ngh ngh, Nh nh), O o (Ò ò, Ỏ ỏ, Õ õ, Ó ó, Ọ ọ), Ô ô (Ồ ồ, Ổ ổ, Ỗ ỗ, Ố ố, Ộ ộ), Ơ ơ (Ờ ờ, Ở ở, Ỡ ỡ, Ớ ớ, Ợ ợ), P p (Ph ph), Q q (Qu qu), R r, S s, T t (Th th, Tr tr), U u (Ù ù, Ủ ủ, Ũ ũ, Ú ú, Ụ ụ), Ư ư (Ừ ừ, Ử ử, Ữ ữ, Ứ ứ, Ự ự), V v, X x, Y y (Ỳ ỳ, Ỷ ỷ, Ỹ ỹ, Ý ý, Ỵ ỵ)
Welsh
Pronunciation
- (standard) IPA(key): /ɛr/
- (informal) IPA(key): /r/
Letter
R (upper case, lower case r)
Mutation
- R cannot be mutated in Welsh.
See also
- (Latin-script letters) llythyren; A a (Á á, À à, Â â, Ä ä), B b, C c, Ch ch, D d, Dd dd, E e (É é, È è, Ê ê, Ë ë), F f, Ff ff, G g, Ng ng, H h, I i (Í í, Ì ì, Î î, Ï ï), J j, L l, Ll ll, M m, N n, O o (Ó ó, Ò ò, Ô ô, Ö ö), P p, Ph ph, R r, Rh rh, S s, T t, Th th, U u (Ú ú, Ù ù, Û û, Ü ü), W w (Ẃ ẃ, Ẁ ẁ, Ŵ ŵ, Ẅ ẅ), Y y (Ý ý, Ỳ ỳ, Ŷ ŷ, Ÿ ÿ)
Further reading
- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “R”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
Yoruba
Letter
R (upper case, lower case r)
See also
- (Latin-script letters) lẹ́tà; A a (Á á, À à, Ā ā), B b, D d, E e (É é, È è, Ē ē), Ẹ ẹ (Ẹ́ ẹ́, Ẹ̀ ẹ̀, Ẹ̄ ẹ̄), F f, G g, Gb gb, H h, I i (Í í, Ì ì, Ī ī), J j, K k, L l, M m (Ḿ ḿ, M̀ m̀, M̄ m̄), N n (Ń ń, Ǹ ǹ, N̄ n̄), O o (Ó ó, Ò ò, Ō ō), Ọ ọ (Ọ́ ọ́, Ọ̀ ọ̀, Ọ̄ ọ̄), P p, R r, S s, Ṣ ṣ, T t, U u (Ú ú, Ù ù, Ū ū), W w, Y y
- (Benin) (Latin-script letters) lɛ́tà; A a, B b, D d, E e, Ɛ ɛ, F f, G g, Gb gb, H h, I i, J j, K k, Kp kp, L l, M m, N n, O o, Ɔ ɔ, P p, R r, S s, Sh sh, T t, U u, W w, Y y
Zulu
Letter
R (upper case, lower case r)