茶
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Translingual
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Han character
茶 (Kangxi radical 140, 艸+6, 9 strokes, cangjie input 廿人木 (TOD), four-corner 44904, composition ⿳艹𠆢朩(GV) or ⿳艹𠆢木(HTJK))
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 1029, character 4
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 30915
- Dae Jaweon: page 1488, character 1
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3207, character 2
- Unihan data for U+8336
- Unihan data for U+F9FE
Chinese
| trad. | 茶 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. # | 茶 | |
| alternative forms | 荼 𦯬 𣘻 𣗪 𦹍 | |
Glyph origin
Characters in the same phonetic series (余) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
| Old Chinese | |
|---|---|
| 斜 | *lja, *laː |
| 茶 | *rlaː |
| 荼 | *rlaː, *ɦlja, *l'aː |
| 梌 | *rlaː, *l̥ʰaː, *l'aː |
| 搽 | *rlaː |
| 塗 | *rlaː, *l'aː |
| 佘 | *ɦlja |
| 賒 | *hljaː |
| 畬 | *hljaː, *la |
| 舍 | *hljaːʔ, *hljaːs |
| 捨 | *hljaːʔ |
| 騇 | *hljaːʔ, *hljaːs |
| 涻 | *hljaːs |
| 稌 | *l̥ʰaː, *l̥ʰaːʔ |
| 悇 | *l̥ʰaː, *l̥ʰas, *las |
| 庩 | *l̥ʰaː |
| 捈 | *l̥ʰaː, *l'aː |
| 途 | *l'aː |
| 酴 | *l'aː |
| 駼 | *l'aː |
| 鵌 | *l'aː, *la |
| 涂 | *l'aː, *l'a |
| 嵞 | *l'aː |
| 峹 | *l'aː |
| 筡 | *l'aː, *l̥ʰa |
| 蒤 | *l'aː |
| 徐 | *lja |
| 俆 | *lja |
| 敘 | *ljaʔ |
| 漵 | *ljaʔ |
| 除 | *l'a, *l'as |
| 篨 | *rla |
| 滁 | *rla |
| 蒢 | *rla |
| 蜍 | *ɦlja, *la |
| 鵨 | *hljaː |
| 瑹 | *hlja |
| 余 | *la |
| 餘 | *la |
| 艅 | *la |
| 狳 | *la |
| 雓 | *la |
| 悆 | *las |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *rlaː) : semantic 艹 + phonetic 余 (OC *la).
茶 originates as a graphical modification of archaic 荼 (*rlaː, “bitter plant”), used for “tea” in classical sources.
Etymology
As tea may have originated from Sichuan, where the native Yi people speak Loloish languages, Sagart (1999) suggests that the Old Chinese item was possibly originally borrowed from Proto-Loloish *la¹ (“tea”), from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-la (“leaf; tea”). Schuessler (2007) traces its ultimate origin to Proto-Austroasiatic *sla (“leaf”) (compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *slaʔ).
Alternatively, Qiu (1988) suggests that it might be a semantic extension of 荼 (*rlaː, “bitter plant”).
Pronunciation
Definitions
茶
- tea (plant, leaves)
- tea (beverage made by infusing tea leaves in hot water) (Classifier: 杯; 壺／壶)
- certain kinds of beverage or liquid food
- 涼茶／凉茶 ― liángchá ― Chinese herb tea
- 冬瓜茶 ― dōngguāchá ― winter melon punch
- 杏仁茶 ― xìngrénchá ― almond tea
- Chinese medicine
- 午時茶／午时茶 ― wǔshíchá ― Afternoon Tea
- yum cha
- (obsolete) a moment (the time it takes to drink a cup of tea)
- (dialectal Mandarin, Cantonese, Gan, Xiang, Wu) boiled or boiling water
- 吃茶 [Shanghainese] ― 7ciq 6zo [Wugniu] ― to drink water
- a surname
Synonyms
Dialectal synonyms of 茶 (“tea (drink)”) [map]
Dialectal synonyms of 開水 (“boiled water”) [map]
Compounds
- 一盞茶時／一盏茶时
- 一茶
- 一茶頃／一茶顷
- 七品茶
- 七家茶
- 七寶茶／七宝茶
- 七星茶 (qīxīngchá)
- 七碗茶
- 下午茶 (xiàwǔchá)
- 下小茶
- 下茶
- 三茶六禮／三茶六礼
- 三茶六飯／三茶六饭
- 不茶不飯／不茶不饭
- 串茶
- 九節茶／九节茶
- 乳茶
- 乾烘茶／干烘茶
- 乾茶錢／干茶钱
- 五花茶 (wǔhuāchá)
- 仙人掌茶
- 代茶
- 作茶
- 供茶
- 倒茶 (dàochá)
- 借茶活捉
- 兒茶／儿茶 (érchá)
- 六安茶
- 六班茶
- 六龜茶／六龟茶
- 分茶
- 分茶店
- 剜刺挑茶
- 功夫茶 (gōngfuchá)
- 包種茶／包种茶 (bāozhòngchá)
- 北苑茶
- 午時茶／午时茶
- 午茶
- 半熟茶
- 受茶
- 吃碗茶
- 吃空茶
- 吃茶 (chīchá)
- 吃講茶／吃讲茶
- 告茶
- 品茶 (pǐnchá)
- 啜茶
- 喝茶 (hēchá)
- 團茶／团茶
- 土茶
- 大茶壺／大茶壶
- 奉茶
- 女兒茶／女儿茶
- 奶茶 (nǎichá)
- 孩兒茶／孩儿茶 (hái'érchá)
- 官茶
- 宣茶
- 家常茶飯／家常茶饭
- 寶珠山茶／宝珠山茶
- 寶珠茶／宝珠茶
- 小兒感冒茶／小儿感冒茶
- 小茶
- 山茶 (shānchá)
- 岕茶
- 工夫茶 (gōngfuchá)
- 年茶
- 幻茶
- 建茶
- 引茶
- 待茶
- 惡茶白賴／恶茶白赖
- 打茶
- 打茶圍／打茶围
- 打茶會／打茶会
- 拜茶
- 挑茶斡刺
- 採茶／采茶 (cǎichá)
- 接茶
- 採茶戲／采茶戏 (cǎicháxì)
- 採茶歌／采茶歌
- 搉茶
- 撤茶
- 攢茶／攒茶
- 散茶
- 新茶 (xīnchá)
- 早茶 (zǎochá)
- 明德茶
- 春茶 (chūnchá)
- 晚茶
- 普洱茶 (pǔ'ěrchá)
- 會茶／会茶
- 末茶 (mòchá)
- 杏仁茶 (xìngrénchá)
- 果茶
- 板藍根茶／板蓝根茶
- 枸杞茶
- 柳眼茶
- 柴米油鹽醬醋茶／柴米油盐酱醋茶 (chái mǐ yóu yán jiàng cù chá, “daily necessities”)
- 桂花茶 (guìhuā chá)
- 梅水茶
- 棍兒茶／棍儿茶
- 椒茶
- 楊妃山茶／杨妃山茶
- 楊妃茶／杨妃茶
- 榷茶
- 榷酒征茶
- 欒茶／栾茶
- 殘茶剩飯／残茶剩饭
- 毛尖茶
- 毛茶 (máochá)
- 沒吃茶／没吃茶
- 沙茶 (shāchá)
- 沏茶 (qīchá)
- 沖茶／冲茶 (chōngchá)
- 泡沫紅茶／泡沫红茶
- 油茶 (yóuchá)
- 泡茶 (pàochá)
- 沱茶
- 泡茶館／泡茶馆
- 油茶麵／油茶面
- 油茶麵兒／油茶面儿
- 浪酒閒茶／浪酒闲茶
- 涼茶／凉茶 (liángchá)
- 清茶 (qīngchá)
- 清茶淡話／清茶淡话
- 清茶淡飯／清茶淡饭
- 淡飯清茶／淡饭清茶
- 澗茶／涧茶
- 濃茶／浓茶 (nóngchá)
- 瀹茶
- 火前茶
- 炙茶
- 烏龍茶／乌龙茶 (wūlóngchá)
- 烹茶 (pēngchá)
- 焙茶
- 無茶／无茶
- 煎茶 (jiānchá)
- 熟茶
- 熬茶
- 片茶
- 獻茶／献茶
- 珠露茶
- 甘茶
- 生茶
- 用茶
- 畾茶
- 痷茶
- 白茶 (báichá)
- 白鶴茶／白鹤茶
- 的乳茶
- 盤龍茶／盘龙茶
- 盼盼茶茶
- 看茶 (kànchá)
- 真茶
- 磚茶／砖茶 (zhuānchá)
- 私茶
- 秋茶
- 粗茶淡飯／粗茶淡饭 (cūchádànfàn)
- 紅茶／红茶 (hóngchá)
- 紅茶花節／红茶花节
- 素分茶
- 素茶
- 細葉山茶／细叶山茶
- 緊壓茶／紧压茶
- 綠茶／绿茶 (lǜchá)
- 網路茶屋／网路茶屋
- 繡茶／绣茶
- 老人茶
- 肉骨茶 (ròugǔchá)
- 膏茶
- 臘茶／腊茶
- 芽茶 (yáchá)
- 花茶 (huāchá)
- 苦茶
- 苦茶油
- 茉莉花茶 (mòlìhuā chá)
- 茶上
- 茶亭 (chátíng)
- 茶令
- 茶仙
- 茶儀／茶仪
- 茶元 (Cháyuán)
- 茶具 (chájù)
- 茶几
- 茶包 (chábāo)
- 茶匙 (cháchí)
- 茶博士
- 茶品 (chápǐn)
- 茶商 (cháshāng)
- 茶圍／茶围
- 茶園／茶园 (cháyuán)
- 茶坊 (cháfáng)
- 茶垢 (chágòu, “stain on teaware”)
- 茶壺／茶壶 (cháhú)
- 茶夫
- 茶客 (chákè)
- 茶室 (cháshì)
- 茶寮 (cháliáo)
- 茶局子
- 茶屋
- 茶市 (cháshì)
- 茶底
- 茶座 (cházuò)
- 茶庵嶺／茶庵岭 (Chá'ānlǐng)
- 茶引
- 茶役
- 茶思飯想／茶思饭想
- 茶戶／茶户
- 茶房 (cháfáng)
- 茶托 (chátuō)
- 茶攤兒／茶摊儿
- 茶敬
- 茶旗
- 茶晶 (chájīng)
- 茶會／茶会 (cháhuì)
- 茶末
- 茶杯 (chábēi)
- 茶果
- 茶桌
- 茶梅 (cháméi)
- 茶棧／茶栈
- 茶棚 (Chápéng)
- 茶業／茶业 (cháyè)
- 茶槍／茶枪
- 茶榷
- 茶樓／茶楼 (chálóu)
- 茶樹／茶树 (cháshù)
- 茶毗
- 茶毘／茶毗
- 茶毛蟲／茶毛虫
- 茶水 (cháshuǐ)
- 茶水錢／茶水钱
- 茶法
- 茶油 (cháyóu)
- 茶海 (“tea pitcher”)
- 茶湯／茶汤 (chátāng)
- 茶湯壺／茶汤壶 (chátānghú)
- 茶湯會／茶汤会
- 茶滓 (“stain on teaware”)
- 茶滷／茶卤 (chálǔ, “tea left out overnight, stain on teaware”)
- 茶灶
- 茶炊 (cháchuī)
- 茶焙
- 茶煲
- 茶燈／茶灯
- 茶瓜送飯，好人有限／茶瓜送饭，好人有限
- 茶盅 (cházhōng)
- 茶盞／茶盏
- 茶盤／茶盘 (chápán)
- 茶碗 (cháwǎn)
- 茶碾子
- 茶磚／茶砖 (cházhuān)
- 茶社 (cháshè)
- 茶神
- 茶禁
- 茶禮／茶礼
- 茶筅 (cháxiǎn)
- 茶筍／茶笋
- 茶籮／茶箩 (cháluó)
- 茶粥
- 茶精油
- 茶紅酒禮／茶红酒礼
- 茶素
- 茶經／茶经 (Chájīng)
- 茶綱／茶纲
- 茶缸子 (chágāngzi)
- 茶肆 (chásì)
- 茶膏
- 茶舞
- 茶船
- 茶色 (chásè)
- 茶芽
- 茶花 (cháhuā)
- 茶花女
- 草茶
- 茗茶 (míngchá)
- 茶茶
- 茶茗
- 茶荈
- 茶莊／茶庄
- 茶菊
- 茶菁
- 茶葺 (“stain on teaware”)
- 茶葉／茶叶 (cháyè)
- 茶葉末／茶叶末
- 茶葉蛋／茶叶蛋 (cháyèdàn)
- 茶葉鹼／茶叶碱
- 茶藝／茶艺 (cháyì)
- 茶藝館／茶艺馆
- 茶蠶／茶蚕
- 茶行
- 茶衣
- 茶褐
- 茶褐色 (cháhèsè)
- 茶話／茶话 (cháhuà)
- 茶話會／茶话会 (cháhuàhuì)
- 茶課／茶课
- 茶質／茶质
- 茶農／茶农 (chánóng)
- 茶道 (chádào)
- 茶遲飯晏／茶迟饭晏
- 茶酒 (chájiǔ)
- 茶金
- 茶鋪／茶铺
- 茶錢／茶钱 (cháqián)
- 茶鍾／茶钟
- 茶鏡／茶镜 (chájìng)
- 茶鏽／茶锈 (cháxiù)
- 茶鐺／茶铛
- 茶青 (cháqīng)
- 茶頭／茶头
- 茶顛／茶颠
- 茶食 (cháshi)
- 茶飯／茶饭 (cháfàn)
- 茶飯不思／茶饭不思
- 茶飯無心／茶饭无心
- 茶餅／茶饼 (chábǐng)
- 茶餘／茶余
- 茶餘客話／茶余客话
- 茶餘酒後／茶余酒后 (cháyújiǔhòu)
- 茶餘飯後／茶余饭后 (cháyúfànhòu)
- 茶餘飯飽／茶余饭饱
- 茶館／茶馆 (cháguǎn)
- 茶馬市／茶马市
- 茶鹼／茶碱 (chájiǎn)
- 茶麵子／茶面子
- 茶墨
- 茶點／茶点 (chádiǎn)
- 茶鼎
- 茶鼓
- 菊花茶 (júhuā chá)
- 藥茶／药茶 (yàochá)
- 蜀茶
- 蠟茶／蜡茶
- 蠟面茶／蜡面茶
- 蠻茶／蛮茶
- 行茶
- 試茶／试茶
- 調茶／调茶
- 謝媒茶／谢媒茶
- 讓茶／让茶
- 貢茶／贡茶
- 贊茶／赞茶
- 起茶
- 趙州茶／赵州茶
- 巡茶
- 迦堅茶寒／迦坚茶寒
- 送茶
- 過茶／过茶
- 邊茶／边茶
- 酒後茶餘／酒后茶余
- 酒餘茶後／酒余茶后
- 酥油茶 (sūyóuchá)
- 釅茶／酽茶 (yànchá)
- 采茶歌
- 金花茶
- 錠子茶／锭子茶
- 閔茶／闵茶
- 閒茶浪酒／闲茶浪酒
- 阿茶
- 陸羽茶／陆羽茶
- 隨茶隨飯／随茶随饭
- 雨前茶 (yǔqiánchá)
- 雲霧茶／云雾茶
- 頓茶頓飯／顿茶顿饭
- 頭茶／头茶
- 食茶 (shíchá)
- 飲茶／饮茶 (yǐnchá)
- 養茶／养茶
- 餅茶／饼茶 (bǐngchá)
- 香茶
- 騎火茶／骑火茶
- 高果子茶
- 鬥茶／斗茶
- 鬧茶／闹茶
- 鳩槃茶／鸠槃茶
- 鳩盤茶／鸠盘茶
- 麵茶／面茶 (miànchá)
- 麻茶
- 黃茶／黄茶 (huángchá)
- 黑茶 (hēichá)
- 點花茶／点花茶
- 點茶／点茶
- 黦茶
- 齪茶／龊茶
- 龍井茶／龙井茶
- 龍湫茶／龙湫茶
- 龍芝茶／龙芝茶
- 龍茶／龙茶
- 龍鳳團茶／龙凤团茶
- 龍鳳茶／龙凤茶
Descendants
Sino-Xenic (茶):
Others:
- → Cantonese: 嗲 (de1, “to chat”) (via Teochew)
- →? Cebuano: tsa (via Cantonese)
- → Drung: cha
- → Dutch: thee, (obsolete) tee (via Hokkien)
- Afrikaans: tee
- Berbice Creole Dutch: tei
- Negerhollands: thee, tee
- → Caribbean Javanese: teh
- → Dutch Low Saxon: thee
- → Danish: te, the
- → Faroese: te
- → English: tea
- Gullah: tea
- Jamaican Creole: tea
- → Abenaki: ti
- → Chickasaw: tii'
- → Cocopa: ṭi·
- → Cornish: té
- → Cree:
- Canadian syllabics script: ᑎᕀ (tiy)
- Latin script: tiy
- → Inuktitut: ᑏ (tii)
- → Irish: tae
- → Maori: tī
- → Malecite-Passamaquoddy: ti
- → Mikasuki: ti'g'tlo'q, ji'gitlo'q (“kettle”) (from "tea kettle")
- → Panamint: tii
- → Scottish Gaelic: tì, teatha
- → Tamil: டீ (ṭī)
- → Telugu: టీ (ṭī)
- → Unami: ti
- → Welsh: te
- → French: thé
- → Kari'na: te
- → German: Tee
- → Icelandic: te
- → New Latin: thea
- → Latvian: tēja
- → Norwegian: te
- → Sranan Tongo: te
- → Swedish: te, the, thé
- → Finnish: tee
- → West Frisian: tee
- → English: cha, char (via Cantonese)
- → Hlai: dhe (via Hainanese)
- → Khmer: តែ (tae)
- → Malay: ca (via Cantonese)
- → Malay: teh (via Hokkien)
- Indonesian: teh
- → Mongolian: цай (caj), ᠴᠠᠢ (čai) (via Mandarin)
- → Persian: چا (čâ) (via Mandarin), چای (čây) (via Mandarin, with Persian suffix -y(i) added)
- → Punjabi: ਚਾਹ (cāh)
- → Arabic: شَاي (šāy), صَاي (ṣāy), صَا (ṣā)
- → Hindustani:
- → Kalasha: čay
- → Khalaj: čây
- → Konkani: चा (cā), च्या (cyā)
- → Malayalam: ചായ (cāya)
- → Marathi: चहा (cahā)
- → Mongolian: цай (caj) ᠴᠠᠢ (čai)
- → Odia: ଚା (ca)
- → Pashto: چای (čây)
- → Punjabi: ਚਾਹ (cāh) / چاہ (cāh)
- → Sindhi: چانھ (čānhi)
- → Ottoman Turkish: چای (çay), چا (ça)
- Turkish: çay
- → Adyghe: щай (śaj)
- → Albanian: çaj
- → Armenian: չայ (čʻay)
- → Azerbaijani: çay
- → Bashkir: сәй (səy)
- → Belarusian: чай (čaj)
- → Bulgarian: чай (čaj)
- → Crimean Tatar: şay, çay
- → Greek: τσάι (tsái) (possibly via a Slavic language)
- → Hijazi Arabic: چاي (čāy)
- → Karachay-Balkar: шай (şay)
- → Karakalpak: чай
- → Kazakh: шай (şai)
- → Northern Kurdish: çay
- → Lishana Deni: גׄאייה (čāye)
- → Kyrgyz: чай (cay)
- → Macedonian: чај (čaj)
- → Russian: чай (čaj)
- → Alutiiq: cayuq
- → Alutor: сайый (sajəj), саю (saju)
- → Abaza: чай (ćaj)
- → Abkhaz: ачаи (ačaj)
- → Avar: чай (čaj)
- → Bezhta: чай (čaj)
- → Chechen: чай (čaj)
- → Chuvash: чей (čej)
- → Erzya: чай (čaj)
- → Finnish: tsaiju, saikka
- → Georgian: ჩაი (čai)
- → Ingrian: caaju, caju, cääjy
- → Ingush: чай (čaj)
- → Kabardian: шай (šaj)
- → Kildin Sami: ча̄йй (čājj)
- → Lezgi: чай (čaj)
- ⇒ Livvi: čuaju
- → Moksha: чай (čaj)
- → Romanian: ceai
- → Slovak: čaj
- → Tabasaran: чай (čaj)
- → Ukrainian: чай (čaj)
- → Udmurt: чай (ćaj)
- → Upper Sorbian: čaj
- → Veps: čai
- → Yakut: чэй (cey)
- → Yup'ik: caayuq
- → Serbo-Croatian:
- → Slovene: čaj
- → Lower Sorbian: čaj (literary)
- → Southern Altai: чай (čay)
- → Tatar: чәй (çäy)
- → Turkmen: çay
- → Uyghur: چاي (chay)
- → Uzbek: choy
- → Zazaki: çay
- → Turkmen: çaý
- → Portuguese: chá (via Cantonese)
- → Punjabi: (via Mandarin)
- → Spanish: té (via Hokkien)
- → Proto-Tai: *ɟaːᴬ
- →? Tagalog: tsa (via Cantonese)
- → Tibetan: ཇ (ja)
- → Vietnamese: chè (茶, 𦷨)
- → Yonaguni: さー
References
- “茶”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database), 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A03475
Japanese
Readings
Compounds
Compounds
- お茶 (ocha): tea
- 烏竜茶 (ūroncha): oolong tea
- 喫茶店 (kissaten): tearoom; café
- 紅茶 (kōcha): black tea
- 古茶 (kocha): tea from last year
- 粉茶 (konacha): dust tea
- 新茶 (shincha): new tea of the year
- 茶色 (chairo): brown
- 茶園 (chaen): tea plantation
- 茶会 (chakai): tea party
- 茶器 (chaki): teaware
- 茶匙 (chasaji): teaspoon
- 茶の湯 (chanoyu): tea ceremony
- 茶畑 (chabatake): tea plantation
- 品茶 (hincha): tea evaluation; a game of drinking varieties of tea and guessing them correctly
- 焙じ茶 (hōjicha): roasted green tea
- 抹茶 (matcha): maccha, matcha
- 無茶 (mucha): reckless
- 緑茶 (ryokucha): green tea
Etymology
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 茶 |
| ちゃ Grade: 2 |
| kan’yōon |
From various lects of Middle Chinese 茶 (MC drae). Compare Mandarin 茶 (chá), Hakka 茶 (chhà), Cantonese 茶 (caa4).
Usage notes
- This term is not used on its own in modern Japanese. For the tea sense, this is used either with the honorific prefix お (o-), as お茶 (ocha), or in a compound such as 茎茶 (kukicha, literally “stem tea”) or 緑茶 (ryokucha, “green tea”).
- お茶はいかがですか。
- Ocha wa ikaga desuka.
- How about some tea? (Would you like some tea?)
- お茶はいかがですか。
- For the brown sense, this is used with the color suffix 色 (iro), as in 茶色 (chairo, “brown”, literally “tea color”).
References
- Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
Korean
Etymology 1
From Early Mandarin 茶 (*tʂʰaᴸᴸ). Compare Mandarin 茶 (chá), Hakka 茶 (chhà), Cantonese 茶 (caa4).
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [t͡ɕʰa̠]
- Phonetic hangul: [차]
Usage notes
- This reading is used as a standalone word to mean "tea."
Compounds
Etymology 2
From Middle Chinese 茶 (ɖˠa).
| Historical Readings | ||
|---|---|---|
| Dongguk Jeongun Reading | ||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | 땅 (Yale: ttà) | |
| Middle Korean | ||
| Text | Eumhun | |
| Gloss (hun) | Reading | |
| Hunmong Jahoe, 1527 | 차 (Yale: chà) | 다 (Yale: tà) |
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ta̠]
- Phonetic hangul: [다]
Hanja
Compounds
Vietnamese
Han character
茶: Hán Việt readings: trà[1][2][3][4][5][6]
茶: Nôm readings: trà[1][2][3], chè[1][2][3], chà[1], sà[1], già[1][2], chòe/choè[1][2]
References
- Nguyễn (2014).
- Nguyễn et al. (2009).
- Trần (2004).
- Trần (1999).
- Nguyễn (1974).
- Thiều Chửu (1942).
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