See also: Ш, ш, and ש
U+5C71, 山
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5C71

[U+5C70]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+5C72]
U+2F2D, ⼭
KANGXI RADICAL MOUNTAIN

[U+2F2C]
Kangxi Radicals
[U+2F2E]

Translingual

Stroke order
Stroke order
(cursive)

Han character

(Kangxi radical 46, 山+0, 3 strokes, cangjie input (U), four-corner 22770, composition )

  1. Kangxi radical #46, .

Derived characters

References

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 307, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 7869
  • Dae Jaweon: page 604, character 23
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 759, character 11
  • Unihan data for U+5C71

Chinese

simp. and trad.
alternative forms 𠙸
𡶸

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts

Pictogram (象形) – three mountain peaks. In the Oracle Bone Script, they were represented by triangles rather than vertical strokes. Compare (qiū), particularly earlier forms.

Etymology

Unclear – cognates not known outside Sino-Bai. Cognate with Central Bai svrt (mountain) < Proto-Bai *sro⁴.

Baxter and Sagart (2014) propose that it is derived from a root *ŋ(ˤ)rar (slope, nearly vertical side) that also derives (OC *ŋ(r)ar(ʔ), “hill”), (OC *ŋˤrar, “river bank”), (OC *C.ŋˤrar, “forehead”).

Starostin compares it with Kayan sʰôn (mountain).

Pronunciation


Note:
  • soaⁿ - vernacular;
  • san - literary.
    Note:
    • suan1 - vernacular;
    • sang1 - literary.
      • Wu
        • (Shanghai):
          • Wugniu: 1se
          • MiniDict: se
          • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): 1se
          • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /se⁵³/
      • Xiang
        • (Changsha)
          • Wiktionary: san1
          • Sinological IPA (key): /san³³/

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location
Mandarin Beijing /ʂan⁵⁵/
Harbin /ʂan⁴⁴/
Tianjin /san²¹/
Jinan /ʂã²¹³/
Qingdao /ʂã²¹³/
Zhengzhou /ʂan²⁴/
Xi'an /sã²¹/
Xining /sã⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /ʂan⁴⁴/
Lanzhou /ʂɛ̃n³¹/
Ürümqi /san⁴⁴/
Wuhan /san⁵⁵/
Chengdu /san⁵⁵/
Guiyang /san⁵⁵/
Kunming /ʂã̠⁴⁴/
Nanjing /ʂaŋ³¹/
Hefei /ʂæ̃²¹/
Jin Taiyuan /sæ̃¹¹/
Pingyao /sɑŋ¹³/
Hohhot /sæ̃³¹/
Wu Shanghai /se⁵³/
Suzhou /se̞⁵⁵/
Hangzhou /sẽ̞³³/
Wenzhou /sa³³/
Hui Shexian /sɛ³¹/
Tunxi /sɔ¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /san³³/
Xiangtan /san³³/
Gan Nanchang /san⁴²/
Hakka Meixian /san⁴⁴/
Taoyuan /sɑm²⁴/
Cantonese Guangzhou /san⁵³/
Nanning /san⁵⁵/
Hong Kong /san⁵⁵/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /san⁵⁵/
/suã⁵⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /saŋ⁴⁴/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /suiŋ⁵⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /suã³³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /saŋ²³/
/tua²³/

Rime
Character
Reading # 1/1
Initial () (21)
Final () (73)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () II
Fanqie
Baxter srean
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/ʃˠɛn/
Pan
Wuyun
/ʃᵚæn/
Shao
Rongfen
/ʃæn/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/ʂəɨn/
Li
Rong
/ʃɛn/
Wang
Li
/ʃæn/
Bernard
Karlgren
/ʂăn/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
shān
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
saan1
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
shān
Middle
Chinese
‹ srɛn ›
Old
Chinese
/*s-ŋrar/
English mountain, hill

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/1
No. 11052
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
2
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*sreːn/

Definitions

  1. (countable) mountain; hill (Classifier: m c;  mn)
       dēngshān   to climb a mountain
  2. hill-shaped object
       bīngshān   iceberg
  3. bundled straw in which silkworms spin cocoons
  4. gable
  5. (Cantonese, Liuzhou Mandarin, Pinghua) tomb; grave (Classifier: c)
  6. a surname. Shan

Synonyms

See also

Compounds

Descendants

Sino-Xenic ():
  • Japanese: (さん) (san)
  • Korean: 산(山) (san)
  • Vietnamese: sơn ()

References

Japanese

Kanji

(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

Compounds

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
やま
Grade: 1
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese (yama). First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.[1]

Reconstructed as deriving in turn from Proto-Japonic *yama (mountain; forest).

Pronunciation

  • (Tokyo) [yàmáꜜ] (Odaka – [2])[2][3]
  • IPA(key): [ja̠ma̠]
  • (file)

Noun

(やま) or (ヤマ) • (yama) 

  1. a mountain (large mass of earth and rock) or (large) hill
  2. a mine (excavation usually consisting of small tunnels)
    Synonym: 鉱山 (kōzan)
  3. a heap, pile
  4. the top or high part of an object
    ねじ(やま)
    nejiyama
    thread of a screw
    (ぼう)()(やま)
    bōshi no yama
    crown of a hat
  5. a climax, peak
    Synonyms: クライマックス (kuraimakkusu), 絶頂 (zetchō)
    ()(けん)やま
    jiken no yama
    climax of the event
  6. a chance, gamble
  7. a guess, speculation
  8. a crime, criminal case
    Synonym: 犯罪事件 (hanzai jiken)
  9. mountain climbing, mountaineering
    Synonym: 山登り (yamanobori)
  10. Short for 山鉾 (yamaboko): a festival float usually decorated with a (hoko)
  11. (colloquial) Mount Hiei and/or Enryaku-ji
    Antonym: (tera)
  12. (mahjong) a wall, wall tile
  13. (informal) the symbol as used to mark what needs to be reviewed in study
    やま()
    yama o haru
    to mark what needs to be reviewed
    はっ(やま)()った。
    Hatta yama ga atatta.
    My selection of what I needed to review for the test was correct.
Derived terms
Idioms
Proverbs

Prefix

(やま) • (yama-) 

  1. prefix for species that are wild or residing in mountains
Derived terms

Counter

(やま) • (-yama) 

  1. counter for number of stock rise and fall like a mountain (Can we verify(+) this sense?)
  2. counter for number of mountains, forests and/or mines
Derived terms
  • (ひと)(やま) (hitoyama)

Proper noun

(やま) • (Yama) 

  1. a surname

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
さん
Grade: 1
kan’on

From Middle Chinese (MC srean).

Sometimes spelled with rendaku (連濁), as -zan.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [sã̠ɴ]
  • IPA(key): [d͡zã̠ɴ]

Suffix

(さん) • (-san) 

  1. Mount, Mt.
    1. suffix for names of mountains
    2. suffix for a temple's honorific mountain name (山号 (sangō))
Derived terms

Affix

(さん) • (san) 

  1. mountain
  2. mine
  3. temple, temple ground
  4. Short for 比叡山 (Hieizan): Mount Hiei

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
むれ
Grade: 1
irregular
Alternative spelling
牟礼

From Old Japanese, itself apparently a borrowing from Old Korean.[2][4][5] See Korean (moe) for more.

The phonetic man'yōgana spelling 牟礼 for mure appears first in the Kojiki of 720 CE, but instead for the stem of verb 群れる (mureru, to group together).[6] The first instance of this spelling for the mountain sense is in the Heian period, in different 日本書紀私記 (Nihon Shoki Shiki) versions, themselves recompilations of the Nihon Shoki.[4] This reading with this sense apparently arises from the traditional 訓読 (kundoku) of a particular section of the Nihon Shoki, where the written word is read as mure with an apparent meaning of mountain or hill.[4][7]

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [mɯ̟ᵝɾe̞]

Noun

(むれ) • (mure) 

  1. (historical, Ancient Korea) mountain, hill
    Synonyms: (general term) (yama, mountain), (general term) (oka, hill)

References

  1. ”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, Nihon Kokugo Daijiten) (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000
  2. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
  4. 牟礼・山”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, Nihon Kokugo Daijiten) (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000
  5. ”, in デジタル大辞泉 [Digital Daijisen] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, updated roughly every four months
  6. ”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, Nihon Kokugo Daijiten) (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000
  7. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN, entry online here

Kikai

Kanji

(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Etymology

From Proto-Ryukyuan *yama.

Noun

(やま) (yama) 

  1. mountain

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese (MC srean). Recorded as Middle Korean (san) (Yale: san) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

Wikisource (eumhun / (me/moe san))

  1. Hanja form? of (mountain).

Compounds

References

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典.

Kunigami

Kanji

(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Etymology

From Proto-Ryukyuan *yama, from Proto-Japonic *yama. Cognate with Okinawan (yama), Japanese (yama).

Pronunciation

  • (Yonamine, Nakijin) IPA(key): [jàmàꜛː] (tone class B)

Noun

(やまー) (yamā) 

  1. a mountain
  2. a forest, an area with grown trees
  3. a place where a heap of mountains grow
  4. a mess

References

  • Nakasone, Seizen (1983) 沖縄今帰仁方言辞典 [Okinawa Nakijin Dialect Dictionary], Kadokawa, page 580

Miyako

Kanji

(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Etymology

From Proto-Ryukyuan *yama.

Noun

(やま) (yama) 

  1. mountain

Northern Amami-Oshima

Kanji

(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Etymology

From Proto-Ryukyuan *yama.

Noun

(やま) (yama) 

  1. mountain

Oki-No-Erabu

Kanji

(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Etymology

From Proto-Ryukyuan *yama.

Noun

(やま) (yama) 

  1. mountain

Okinawan

Kanji

(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

Etymology

From Proto-Ryukyuan *yama.

Noun

(やま) (yama) 

  1. mountain

Old Japanese

Etymology 1

From Proto-Japonic *yama.

Noun

(yama) (kana やま)

  1. a mountain
    • 711–712, Kojiki, poem 31:
      伊能知能麻多祁牟比登波多多美許母弊具理能夜麻能久麻加志賀波袁宇受爾佐勢曾能古
      ino2ti no2 matake1mu pi1to2 pa tatami1ko2mo2 Pe1guri-no2-yama no2 kumakasi no2 pa wo uzu ni sase so2no2 ko1
      (please add an English translation of this quotation)
  2. a forested area of a mountain for harvesting, hunting, etc.
    • c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 4, poem 779:
      板盖之黑木乃屋根者近之明日取而持將參來
      itapuki1 no2 kuro1ki2 no2 yane pa yama tikasi asu no2 pi1 to2rite motimawiriko2mu
      Since the mountains are close by, tomorrow I will cut down and bring you rough logs for your wooden roof.[1]
Descendants
  • Japanese: (yama)

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Old Korean.[2][3]

Compare Middle Korean (mwoy), and the etymology at Korean (moe).

Alternative forms

  • 牟禮

Noun

(mure) (kana むれ)

  1. a hill or mountain
    • 720, Nihon Shoki, Empress Jingū, entry 19: 49th year of the second month, spring:
      唯千熊長彥與百濟王、至于百濟國、登辟支盟之、復登古沙、共居磐石上。
      (please add an English translation of this quotation)
Usage notes
  • No known Early Middle Japanese dictionaries attest the mure spelling phonetically, the earliest being found in the Mito-bon Hei Nihongi Shiki (1678).
Descendants

References

  1. Paula Doe, Yakamochi Ōtomo (1982) A Warbler's Song in the Dusk: The Life and Work of Ōtomo Yakamochi (718-785), illustrated edition, University of California Press, →ISBN, page 106
  2. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

Southern Amami-Oshima

Kanji

(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Etymology

From Proto-Ryukyuan *yama.

Noun

(やま) (yama) 

  1. mountain

Toku-No-Shima

Kanji

(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Etymology

From Proto-Ryukyuan *yama.

Noun

(やま) (yama) 

  1. mountain

Vietnamese

Han character

: Hán Việt readings: sơn[1][2][3], san[3]
: Nôm readings: sơn[1][2], san[2][4]

  1. chữ Hán form of sơn (mountain).

Compounds

References

  1. Nguyễn (2014).
  2. Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. Trần (2004).
  4. Hồ (1976).

Yaeyama

Kanji

(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Etymology

From Proto-Ryukyuan *yama.

Noun

(やま) (yama) 

  1. mountain

Yonaguni

Kanji

(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Etymology

From Proto-Ryukyuan *yama.

Noun

(だま) (dama) 

  1. mountain

Yoron

Kanji

(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Etymology

From Proto-Ryukyuan *yama.

Noun

(やま) (yama) 

  1. mountain
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