See also: , , and

U+5143, 元
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5143

[U+5142]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+5144]

Translingual

Stroke order
0 strokes

Han character

(Kangxi radical 10, +2, 4 strokes, cangjie input 一一山 (MMU), four-corner 10211, composition or )

Derived characters

References

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 123, character 6
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1340
  • Dae Jaweon: page 258, character 3
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 264, character 6
  • Unihan data for U+5143

Further reading

Chinese

simp. and trad.

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts





References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Pictogram (象形) – a figure with two lines for a head (one connected to body, one above it), emphasizing the head.

Etymology 1

Possibly from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/s-gaw (head), with a noun-forming suffix *-n (Schuessler, 2003; STEDT). If so, cognate with (OC *ɡoːʔ, “ruler; lord; queen”), Tibetan མགོ (mgo, head; summit; beginning), མགོན (mgon, protector; master; lord), Garo sko (skull), Northern Tujia kho⁵⁵ pa⁵⁵ (head) (Schuessler, 2007; STEDT). (OC *ŋʷan, “source; origin; basic; primary”) and 黿 (OC *ŋoːn, *ŋon, “large turtle”) may be the same word (Schuessler, 2007). It may also be related to (OC *klun, “lord; prince; ruler”), (OC *ɢʷlinʔ, “magistrate; governor”), (OC *ɡoː, “marquis”) (Mei, 1985).

The name of the dynasty comes from the I Ching:

萬物 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
万物 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
From: I Ching, 11th – 8th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
Dà zāi qián yuán, wànwù zī shǐ, nǎi tǒng tiān. [Pinyin]
Vast is the ‘great and originating (power)’ indicated by Qian! All things owe to it their beginning: - it contains all the meaning belonging to (the name) heaven.

Part of the people with this surname are Xianbei descendants. It was changed from 拓跋 (Tuòbá) as ordered by Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei.

Pronunciation


Note:
  • nyyon4 - vernacular;
  • yon4 - literary.

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location
Mandarin Beijing /yan³⁵/
Harbin /yan²⁴/
Tianjin /yan⁴⁵/
Jinan /yã⁴²/
Qingdao /yã⁴²/
Zhengzhou /yan⁴²/
Xi'an /yã²⁴/
Xining /yã²⁴/
Yinchuan /yan⁵³/
Lanzhou /yɛ̃n⁵³/
Ürümqi /yan⁵¹/
Wuhan /yɛn²¹³/
Chengdu /yan³¹/
Guiyang /ian²¹/
Kunming /iɛ̃³¹/
Nanjing /yen²⁴/
Hefei /yĩ⁵⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /ye¹¹/
Pingyao /ye̞¹³/
Hohhot /ye³¹/
Wu Shanghai /ȵyø²³/
/ɦyø²³/
Suzhou /ɦiø¹³/
Hangzhou /ɦyõ²¹³/
Wenzhou /ȵy³¹/
Hui Shexian /ue⁴⁴/
Tunxi /ȵyɛ⁴⁴/
Xiang Changsha /yẽ¹³/
Xiangtan /yẽ¹²/
Gan Nanchang /ȵyɵn⁴⁵/
Hakka Meixian /ŋian¹¹/
Taoyuan /ŋien¹¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /jyn²¹/
Nanning /yn²¹/
Hong Kong /jyn²¹/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /guan³⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /ŋuoŋ⁵³/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /ŋyiŋ³³/
Shantou (Teochew) /ŋuaŋ⁵⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /zuaŋ³¹/

Rime
Character
Reading # 1/1
Initial () (31)
Final () (66)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division () III
Fanqie
Baxter ngjwon
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/ŋʉɐn/
Pan
Wuyun
/ŋʷiɐn/
Shao
Rongfen
/ŋiuɐn/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/ŋuan/
Li
Rong
/ŋiuɐn/
Wang
Li
/ŋĭwɐn/
Bernard
Karlgren
/ŋi̯wɐn/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
yuán
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
jyun4
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
yuán
Middle
Chinese
‹ ngjwon ›
Old
Chinese
/*[ŋ]o[r]/ (< nasal + uvular)
English head; first

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/1
No. 16145
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
3
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*ŋon/

Definitions

  1. head
  2. first; primary; head; chief
  3. basic; fundamental
  4. origin; source
    Synonym: (yuán)
  5. meta-
  6. Classifier for yuan or dollars.
    alt. forms: (yuán)
  7. (mathematics) variable; unknown; element
       xiāoyuán   method of elimination (literally, “method of eliminating matrix elements”)
    [Classical Chinese]   lì tiānyuán [Pinyin]   Let x be the unknown variable in the equation.
       zhǔyuán   pivot
  8. (mathematics) element (an infinitesimal interval of a quantity, a differential)
    线   xiànyuán   line element
  9. (~朝) Yuan Dynasty
       yuán   Yuan dynasty theater
  10. (~日) (telegraphy) the thirteenth day of a month
  11. a surname
       Yuán Hàowèn   Yuan Haowen (Jin dynasty poet)
  12. (Taoism) kalpa, a cosmic or supreme cycle of 129,000 years
  13. (Hong Kong) Short for 元朗 (Yuánlǎng, “Yuen Long”).
  14. Alternate form for (contained in the name of 玄燁)
Synonyms
  • (the Yuan dynasty):
  • 元代 (Yuándài)
  • 元國元国
  • 元帝國元帝国
  • 元朝 (Yuáncháo)
  • 大元 (Dàyuán)
  • 大元國大元国
  • 大元帝國大元帝国
  • 皇元
  • 蒙元 (měngyuán)
See also
Dynasties (朝代) in Chinese history
NameTime periodDivisions
Xia
(~朝, ~代)
2070 – 1600 BCE
Shang
(~朝, ~代)
(~朝, ~代)
1600 – 1046 BCE
Zhou
(~朝, ~代)
1046 – 256 BCEWestern Zhou
西周
Eastern Zhou
東周东周
Spring and Autumn period
春秋
Warring States period
戰國战国
Qin
(~朝, ~代)
221 – 206 BCE
Han
(~朝, ~代)
206 BCE – 220 C.E.Western Han
西漢西汉
Xin
(~朝)
Eastern Han
東漢东汉
Three Kingdoms
三國三国
220 – 280 C.E.Wei
Shu Han
蜀漢蜀汉
Wu
Jin
(~朝, ~代)
265 – 420 C.E.Western Jin
西晉西晋
Eastern Jin
東晉东晋
Southern and Northern dynasties
南北朝
420 – 589 C.E.Northern dynasties
北朝
Northern Wei
北魏
Western Wei
西魏
Eastern Wei
東魏东魏
Northern Zhou
北周
Northern Qi
北齊北齐
Southern dynasties
南朝
Liu Song
劉宋刘宋
Southern Qi
南齊南齐
Liang
(~朝, ~代)
Chen
(~朝, ~代)
Sui
(~朝, ~代)
581 – 618 C.E.
Tang
(~朝, ~代)
618 – 907 C.E.
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
五代十國五代十国
907 – 960 C.E.
Liao
(~朝, ~代)
907 – 1125 C.E.
Song
(~朝, ~代)
960 – 1279 C.E.Northern Song
北宋
Southern Song
南宋
Western Xia
西夏
1038 – 1227 C.E.
Jin
(~朝, ~代)
1115 – 1234 C.E.
Western Liao
西遼西辽
1124 – 1218 C.E.
Yuan
(~朝, ~代)
1271 – 1368 C.E.
Ming
(~朝, ~代)
1368 – 1644 C.E.
Qing
(~朝, ~代)
1636 – 1912 C.E.

Compounds

  • 一元 (yīyuán)
  • 一元化 (yīyuánhuà)
  • 一元大武
  • 一元復始一元复始 (yīyuánfùshǐ)
  • 一元論一元论 (yīyuánlùn)
  • 一元酸 (yīyuánsuān)
  • 七元
  • 上元 (Shàngyuán)
  • 三元 (sānyuán)
  • 下元
  • 三元及第
  • 三元合金
  • 下元節下元节
  • 上元節上元节 (Shàngyuánjié)
  • 三朝元老 (sāncháoyuánlǎo)
  • 中元 (zhōngyuán)
  • 中元普渡
  • 中元節中元节 (zhōngyuánjié)
  • 中狀元中状元
  • 主元音
  • 乾元干元
  • 二元論二元论 (èryuánlùn)
  • 二元運算二元运算
  • 二元酸
  • 五燈會元五灯会元
  • 亞元亚元
  • 位元 (wèiyuán)
  • 位元組位元组 (wèiyuánzǔ)
  • 低元音
  • 住宅單元住宅单元
  • 傷元氣伤元气
  • 元件 (yuánjiàn)
  • 元元
  • 元元本本 (yuányuánběnběn)
  • 元凶 (yuánxiōng)
  • 元功
  • 元勛元勋 (yuánxūn)
  • 元勳元勋 (yuánxūn)
  • 元化
  • 元史
  • 元后
  • 元君
  • 元和
  • 元命
  • 元和腳元和脚
  • 元和體元和体
  • 元四大家
  • 元因
  • 元士
  • 元夜
  • 元妃 (yuánfēi)
  • 元始 (yuánshǐ)
  • 元始天尊
  • 元子
  • 元宰
  • 元宵 (yuánxiāo)
  • 元宵節元宵节 (yuánxiāojié)
  • 元寶元宝 (yuánbǎo)
  • 元寶楓元宝枫
  • 元尚篇
  • 元帥元帅 (yuánshuài)
  • 元年 (yuánnián)
  • 元惡元恶 (yuán'è)
  • 元惡大奸
  • 元惡大憝元恶大憝
  • 元戎
  • 元日 (yuánrì)
  • 元旦 (yuándàn)
  • 元智大學元智大学
  • 元曲 (yuánqǔ)
  • 元書紙元书纸
  • 元會元会
  • 元月 (Yuányuè)
  • 元服 (yuánfú)
  • 元朝 (Yuáncháo)
  • 元本 (yuánběn)
  • 元氣元气 (yuánqì)
  • 元燈元灯
  • 元生代
  • 元白
  • 元神
  • 元祕史元秘史
  • 元稹
  • 元精
  • 元素 (yuánsù)
  • 元素符號元素符号
  • 元結元结
  • 元緒元绪
  • 元老 (yuánlǎo)
  • 元老院 (yuánlǎoyuàn)
  • 元聖元圣
  • 元色 (yuánsè)
  • 元謀元谋 (Yuánmóu)
  • 元謀猿人元谋猿人
  • 元辰
  • 元配 (yuánpèi)
  • 元陽元阳 (Yuányáng)
  • 元雜劇元杂剧
  • 元音 (yuányīn)
  • 元首 (yuánshǒu)
  • 元魚元鱼
  • 元麥元麦
  • 元龍高臥元龙高卧
  • 光電元件光电元件
  • 八元
  • 公元 (gōngyuán)
  • 冊府元龜册府元龟
  • 分渾元分浑元
  • 前元音
  • 包元兒包元儿
  • 化學元素化学元素 (huàxué yuánsù)
  • 半低元音
  • 半元音 (bànyuányīn)
  • 半合元音
  • 半閉元音半闭元音
  • 半開元音半开元音
  • 半高元音
  • 協元协元 (Xiéyuán)
  • 南元
  • 合口元音
  • 合金元素
  • 喪元丧元
  • 單元单元 (dānyuán)
  • 單元劇单元剧
  • 單元音单元音 (dānyuányīn)
  • 圓脣元音圆唇元音
  • 坤元
  • 壓倒元白压倒元白
  • 壽元寿元
  • 多元化 (duōyuánhuà)
  • 多元性
  • 多元論多元论 (duōyuánlùn)
  • 大三元 (dàsānyuán)
  • 大元帥大元帅 (dàyuánshuài)
  • 大春元
  • 大秋元
  • 大經元大经元
  • 太元 (Tàiyuán)
  • 天元 (tiānyuán)
  • 央元音 (yāngyuányīn)
  • 字元 (zìyuán)
  • 宋元學案宋元学案
  • 尖元音
  • 展脣元音展唇元音
  • 後元音后元音 (hòuyuányīn)
  • 復元复元 (fùyuán)
  • 微量元素 (wēiliàng yuánsù)
  • 戴表元
  • 掄元抡元
  • 控制單元控制单元
  • 捲舌元音卷舌元音
  • 搖元宵摇元宵
  • 改元 (gǎiyuán)
  • 數元数元
  • 新元史
  • 新紀元新纪元 (xīnjìyuán)
  • 易元吉
  • 春元演習春元演习
  • 晉元帝晋元帝
  • 曆元历元 (lìyuán)
  • 會元会元 (huìyuán)
  • 未知元
  • 案元
  • 標準元音标准元音
  • 歐元欧元 (ōuyuán)
  • 歐洲美元欧洲美元
  • 歸元归元
  • 殿元
  • 汪元量
  • 泰元
  • 油元
  • 混元
  • 渾元浑元
  • 狀元状元
  • 狀元及第状元及第
  • 狀元籌状元筹
  • 狀元紅状元红
  • 狀元餅状元饼
  • 當元当元
  • 省元
  • 真元
  • 禮元礼元 (Lǐyuán)
  • 萬元戶万元户
  • 稀土元素 (xītǔ yuánsù)
  • 糕元寶糕元宝
  • 紀元纪元 (jìyuán)
  • 經元经元
  • 美元 (měiyuán)
  • 腎元肾元 (shènyuán)
  • 膠元蛋白胶元蛋白
  • 舌尖元音
  • 舌面元音
  • 茶元 (Cháyuán)
  • 華元华元
  • 蒙元 (měngyuán)
  • 虎體元斑虎体元斑
  • 補元氣补元气
  • 複元音复元音 (fùyuányīn)
  • 複合元音复合元音
  • 西元 (xīyuán)
  • 西曆紀元西历纪元
  • 解元 (jièyuán)
  • 記憶單元记忆单元
  • 詞元词元
  • 謝晉元谢晋元
  • 貢元贡元
  • 連中三元连中三元
  • 還元返本还元返本
  • 鄭元和郑元和
  • 酈道元郦道元
  • 重元素
  • 金屬元素金属元素
  • 鉤元提要钩元提要
  • 銀元银元 (yínyuán)
  • 開元开元 (kāiyuán)
  • 開元禮开元礼
  • 開元通寶开元通宝
  • 開元錄开元录
  • 開元雜報开元杂报
  • 開口元音开口元音
  • 開國元勛开国元勋
  • 關元关元
  • 阮元
  • 降元音
  • 隱生元隐生元
  • 顏元颜元
  • 顯生元显生元
  • 養元养元
  • 高元音
  • 黎元 (líyuán)
  • 黎元洪
  • 鼎元
  • 鼎元之分
  • 鼻化元音 (bíhuà yuányīn)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic ():
  • Korean: 원(元) (won)
  • Vietnamese: nguyên ()

Etymology 2

For pronunciation and definitions of – see (“circle; circular; round; etc.”).
(This character is the draft (1955) first-round simplified and second-round simplified form of ).
Notes:

References

Japanese

Kanji

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

Compounds

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
もと
Grade: 2
kun’yomi
Alternative spellings



⟨mo2to2/moto/

From Old Japanese. Cited to the Kojiki of 712 CE.[1] From Proto-Japonic *mətə. Cognate with Okinawan (mutu).

Pronunciation

Noun

(もと) • (moto) 

  1. cause, origin
  2. basis, foundation
  3. cost
    (もと)がとれる
    moto ga toreru
    to be able to cover the cost
  4. (finance) capital
    2000円(にせんえん)(もと)()
    nisen-en no moto o toru
    to get one's 2000 yen's worth
    (literally, “to take the 2000 yen principal”)
  5. principal

Derived terms

Prefix

(もと) • (moto-) 

  1. former, erstwhile
    (もと)カレ(もと)カノ
    motokare, motokano
    former boyfriend, former girlfriend
    プロジェクト(もと)(たん)(とう)(しゃ)()(なか)()
    purojekuto no moto tantōsha no Tanaka-shi
    former project manager Tanaka

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
げん
Grade: 2
kan’on

From the Middle Chinese-derived reading of the kanji characters.

Proper noun

(げん) • (Gen) 

  1. the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368)

Noun

(げん) • (gen) 

  1. yuan (currency)
    Synonym: ユアン

Etymology 3

From (はじ) (hajime, beginning).

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [ha̠ʑime̞]

Proper noun

(はじめ) • (Hajime) 

  1. a male given name

References

  1. Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

(eumhun 으뜸 (eutteum won))

  1. Hanja form? of (chief).

Okinawan

Alternative forms

Kanji

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

Compounds

Etymology

Kanji in this term
むとぅ
Grade: 2
kun’yomi
Kanji in this term
むーとぅ
Grade: 2
kun’yomi

From Proto-Ryukyuan *moto, from Proto-Japonic *mətə. Cognate with mainland Japanese (moto).

Noun

(むとぅ) or (むーとぅ) (mutu or mūtu) 

  1. cause, origin
  2. basis, foundation
  3. cost
  4. origin
  5. (finance) capital
  6. principal

Vietnamese

Han character

: Hán Nôm readings: nguyên, nguyễn

  1. source, origin, base
  2. a family name
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