nach

See also: nách and nach-

German

Etymology

From Middle High German nāh, from Old High German nāh with preservation of word-final -h as -ch; thus pertaining to modern nah (“near”) (from Old High German inflected nāh-), from Proto-West Germanic *nāhw, from Proto-Germanic *nēhw. Cognate with Dutch na, English nigh.

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /naːx/ (generally)
  • IPA(key): /nax/ (sometimes alternatively as a preposition, unless stressed)
  • audio(file)
  • audio(file)

Preposition

nach (followed by dative)

  1. after, past (later in time)
    Viertel nach sechs
    a quarter past six
    nach einer Woche
    after a week
  2. after, behind (in sequence)
    B kommt nach A.
    B comes after A.
  3. to, towards (with geographical names; see usage notes below)
    die Flucht nach Ägypten
    the flight into Egypt
  4. according to; guided by
    • 1918, Elisabeth von Heyking, Die Orgelpfeifen, in: Zwei Erzählungen, Phillipp Reclam jun. Verlag, page 19:
      Die eigenen Zimmer hatten sich die Enkel nach persönlichem Geschmack eingerichtet.
      The grandchildren had furnished their own rooms according to their personal taste.
  5. by the authority of; following
    die Analyse nach Marx
    the analysis following Marx
  6. (with verbs of sensual perception) like (see usage notes below)
    Das riecht nach Knoblauch. ― This smells like garlic.
  7. for (indicating desire for an object)
    nach etwas greifen ― to reach for something
    nach etwas streben ― to strive for/after something
    nach etwas suchen ― to search for something

Usage notes
  • (to, towards): The directional preposition nach is now used chiefly with geographical names that do not have an article with them: nach Ägypten, nach Hamburg, etc. Only in elevated, literary style are there remnants of a freer use of nach:
nach dem Irak (“to Iraq”) — for which usually: in den Irak
nach dem Schloss (“to the castle”) — for which usually: zum Schloss.
At times, this use of nach conveys the implication that the destination is not reached. Thus: Er fuhr zum Schloss. – “He travelled to the castle [and arrived there].” But: Er fuhr nach dem Schloss. – “He travelled towards the castle [and may or may not have arrived].”
  • Directional nach with personal names (or names of shops etc.) is found in the regional vernaculars of north-western Germany: nach Peter (“to Peter's house”). This is nonstandard usage.
  • (like): There may be a slight semantic distinction between the use of nach and wie after a verb of sensual perception. The following phrases both translate to English as “This feels like silk”, but compare the different implications: Das fühlt sich nach Seide an. (“This feels like silk, and it probably is.”) Das fühlt sich an wie Seide. (“This feels like silk, although it’s probably something else.”) This distinction is not a strict one, however.

Postposition

nach (preceded by dative)

  1. according to
    meiner Meinung nach ― in my opinion
    meinem Urteil nach ― in my judgement

Adverb

nach

  1. (in compound verbs) after, behind, later, next to
    Meine Uhr geht nach.
    My watch is slow.

Derived terms

Further reading
  • “nach” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache

Irish

Alternative forms
  • ná (Munster; all senses)

Etymology

From Old Irish nach, from Proto-Celtic *nekʷe, a combination of Proto-Indo-European *ne (negative particle) and *-kʷe (“and”); compare Latin neque.

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /n̪ˠax/

Conjunction

nach (triggers eclipsis; used with the dependent form of an irregular verb if there is one)

  1. that...not (introduces a negative subordinate clause; the negation of go).
    Dúirt sé nach raibh carr aige.
    He said that he didn’t have a car.

Particle

nach (triggers eclipsis; used with the dependent form of an irregular verb if there is one)

  1. not (in questions)
    Nach bhfuil ocras ort?
    Are you not hungry?
    Chonaic mé í, nach bhfaca?
    I saw her, didn’t I?

Particle

nach (copular form)

  1. isn’t...?/whether/if it is... (introduces negative questions, both direct and indirect)
    Nach maith leat bainne?
    Don’t you like milk?
    Níl a fhios agam an miste dó nó nach miste.
    I don’t know if it matters to him or not.
  2. who/which isn’t... (introduces negative relative clauses, both direct and indirect)
    an bhean nach múinteoir í ― the woman who isn’t a teacher
    an bhean nach maith léi bainne ― the woman who doesn’t like milk
Irish copular forms
Simple copular forms
Present/future
AffirmativeNegativeInterrogativeNeg. inter.
Main clauses isníannach
Direct relative clauses nach
Indirect relative clausesar, arbv
Other subordinate clausesgur, gurbvannach
Past/conditional
AffirmativeNegativeInterrogativeNeg. inter.
Main clausesba, b’vníor, níorbhvar, arbhvnár, nárbhv
Direct relative clausesba, abv nár, nárbhv
Indirect relative clausesar, arbhv
Other subordinate clausesgur, gurbhvar, arbhvnár, nárbhv
Present subjunctive
AffirmativeNegative
gura, gurabvnára, nárabv
     Compound copular forms
Base wordPresent/futurePast/conditional
cácár, cárbvcár, cárbhv
cécér, cérbvcér, cérbhv
dá dá mba, dá mb’v
de/dodar, darbvdar, darbhv
faoifaoinar, faoinarbvfaoinar, faoinarbhv
iinar, inarbvinar, inarbhv
lelenar, lenarbvlenar, lenarbhv
mámásmá ba, má b’v
muramura, murabvmurar, murarbhv
ó (prep.)ónar, ónarbvónar, ónarbhv
ó (conj.)ósó ba, ó b’v
trítrínar, trínarbvtrínar, trínarbhv
v Used before vowel sounds

References

Luxembourgish

Etymology

From Old High German noh. Cognate with German noch, Dutch nog.

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /nɑχ/
  • Rhymes: -ɑχ

Adverb

nach

  1. still
    Ech léieren nach Lëtzebuergesch.
    I'm still learning Luxembourgish.
  2. yet
  3. just

Conjunction

nach

  1. nor
    • Luxembourgish translation of Matthew 5:35:
      nach bei der Äerd, well dat ass d'Bänkelche fir seng Féiss, nach bei Jerusalem, well dat ass deem grousse Kinnek seng Stad.
      nor by the earth, because it is the footstool for his feet, nor by Jerusalem, for it is the city of the great King.

Usage notes
  • Often used with weder (“neither”).

Old Irish

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /n͈ax/

Etymology 1

From Proto-Celtic *nekʷos (“someone, something”); compare nech (“someone”). Cognate with Welsh neb.

Determiner

nach

  1. some, any
    • c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 23b12
      it essamnu de ar ro·fitetar is ar nach n-indocbáil móir fo·daimim-se inso
      i.e. they are the more fearless, for they know that it is for some great glory that I endure this
    • c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 51a18
      In tan imme·romastar són nach noíb, ara cuintea dílgud Dé isind aimsir sin.
      That is, when any saint sins, that he may seek the forgiveness of God at that time.
Inflection
Case Singular Plural
Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative nach nachL naH nachaH
Accusative nachN
Genitive nachL, naichL nachaH nach —
Dative nachL nach
L indicates a form that triggers lenition, N a form that triggers nasalization (eclipsis), and H a form that triggers /h/-prothesis.
The plural forms shown occur only in negative clauses. In positive clauses, the plural is supplied by alaili, araili.
Derived terms

Further reading

Verb

nach

  1. Alternative spelling of nách (“that (it) is not”)

Particle

nach

  1. Alternative form of ná (negative particle used with the imperative) used before an infixed pronoun
Usage notes

Takes a connecting vowel a (in the Milan glosses) or i (in the Würzburg glosses) before a consonant-initial infixed pronoun.

Further reading

Scottish Gaelic

Etymology

From Old Irish nach, from Proto-Celtic *ne-kʷe. Cognate with Irish nach.

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /n̪ˠax/
  • (Lewis) IPA(key): [n̪ˠaχ]
  • Hyphenation: nach

Verb

nach

  1. Used together with the dependent form of a verb to form negative questions.
    Nach eil an t-acras ort? ― Are you not hungry?
    Chunnaic mi i, nach fhaca? ― I saw her, didn't I?
    Nach buail thu e? ― Won't you strike him?
  2. Used together with the dependent form of a verb to form negative subordinate clauses; that ... not
    Bha e ag ràdh nach robh càr aige. ― He said that he didn't have a car.

Usage notes
  • Traditionally lenites verbs starting in f followed by a vowel, doesn’t mutate other initial sounds.

Inflection
Conjugation of bi (highly irregular)
singular plural
first second third m/f first second third
independent present tha mi tha thu tha e/i tha sinn tha sibh tha iad
past bha mi bha thu bha e/i bha sinn bha sibh bha iad
future simple bidh mi bidh tu bidh e/i bidh sinn bidh sibh bidh iad
emphatic bithidh mi bithidh tu bithidh e/i bithidh sinn bithidh sibh bithidh iad
conditional simple bhithinn bhiodh tu bhiodh e/i bhiodh sinn
bhiomaid		 bhiodh sibh bhiodh iad
emphatic bhitheadh tu bhitheadh e/i bhitheadh sinn
bhitheamaid		 bhitheadh sibh bhitheadh iad
negative present chan eil mi chan eil thu chan eil e/i chan eil sinn chan eil sibh chan eil iad
past cha robh mi cha robh thu cha robh e/i cha robh sinn cha robh sibh cha robh iad
future cha bhi mi cha bhi thu cha bhi e/i cha bhi sinn cha bhi sibh cha bhi iad
conditional simple cha bhithinn cha bhiodh tu cha bhiodh e/i cha bhiodh sinn
cha bhiomaid		 cha bhiodh sibh cha bhiodh iad
emphatic cha bhitheadh tu cha bhitheadh e/i cha bhitheadh sinn
cha bhitheamaid		 cha bhitheadh sibh cha bhitheadh iad
affirmative
interrogative		 present a bheil mi? a bheil thu? a bheil e/i? a bheil sinn? a bheil sibh? a bheil iad?
past an robh mi? an robh thu? an robh e/i? an robh sinn? an robh sibh? an robh iad?
future am bi mi? am bi thu? am bi e/i? am bi sinn? am bi sibh? am bi iad?
conditional simple am bithinn? am biodh tu? am biodh e/i? am biodh sinn?
am biomaid?		 am biodh sibh? am biodh iad?
emphatic am bitheadh tu? am bitheadh e/i? am bitheadh sinn
am bitheamaid?		 am bitheadh sibh? am bitheadh iad?
negative
interrogative		 present nach eil mi? nach eil thu? nach eil e/i? nach eil sinn? nach eil sibh? nach eil iad?
past nach robh mi? nach robh thu? nach robh e/i? nach robh sinn? nach robh sibh? nach robh iad?
future nach bi mi? nach bi thu? nach bi e/i? nach bi sinn? nach bi sibh? nach bi iad?
conditional simple nach bithinn? nach biodh tu? nach biodh e/i? nach biodh sinn?
nach biomaid?		 nach biodh sibh? nach biodh iad?
emphatic nach bitheadh tu? nach bitheadh e/i? nach bitheadh sinn?
nach bitheamaid?		 nach bitheadh sibh? nach bitheadh iad?
relative future simple (a) bhios mi (a) bhios tu (a) bhios e/i (a) bhios sinn (a) bhios sibh (a) bhios iad
emphatic (a) bhitheas mi (a) bhitheas tu (a) bhitheas e/i (a) bhitheas sinn (a) bhitheas sibh (a) bhitheas iad
imperative simple bitheam bi biodh e/i biomaid bithibh biodh iad
emphatic bitheadh e/i bitheamaid bitheadh iad
verbal noun a bhith

Impersonal forms can be found at Template:gd-conj-thathar.

Conjugation of is (highly irregular, defective)
singular plural
first second third m/f first second third
independent present is mi is tu is e/i is sinn is sibh is iad
past bu mhi bu tu b' e/i bu sinn bu sibh b' iad
conditional
negative present cha mhi cha tu chan e/i cha sinn cha sibh chan iad
past cha bu mhi cha bu tu cha b' e/i cha bu sinn cha bu sibh cha b' iad
conditional
affirmative
interrogative		 present am mi? an tu? an e/i? an sinn? an sibh? an iad?
past am bu mhi? am bu tu? am b' e/i? am bu sinn? am bu sibh? am b' iad?
conditional
Negative
interrogative		 present nach mi? nach tu? nach e/i? nach sinn? nach sibh? nach iad?
past nach bu mhi? nach bu tu? nach b' e/i? nach bu sinn? nach bu sibh? nach b' iad?
conditional
Conjugation of thathar (highly irregular, defective, impersonal)
Present Past Future Conditional
Independent thathar, thatar, thathas1 bhathar, bhatar, bhathas1 bithear, bitear, bitheas1 bhite(adh), bhithist(e)1
Negative chan eilear, chan eileas1 cha robhar, cha robhas1 cha bithear, cha bitear, cha bitheas1 cha bhite(adh), cha bhithist(e)1
Affirmative interrogative am beilear? am beileas?1
a bheilear? a bheileas?1		 an robhar? an robhas?1 am bithear? am biteas?1 am bite(adh)? am bithist(e)?1
Negative interrogative nach eilear? nach eileas?1 nach robhar? nach robhas?1 nach bithear? nach bitear? nach bitheas?1 nach bite(adh)? nach bithist(e)?1

1 Lewis dialect form

References
  • Edward Dwelly (1911) “nach”, in Faclair Gàidhlig gu Beurla le Dealbhan [The Illustrated Gaelic–English Dictionary]‎, 10th edition, Edinburgh: Birlinn Limited, →ISBN
  • G. Toner, M. Ní Mhaonaigh, S. Arbuthnot, D. Wodtko, M.-L. Theuerkauf, editors (2019), “2 nach, nách (‘not’)”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
  • Colin Mark (2003) “nach”, in The Gaelic-English dictionary, London: Routledge, →ISBN, page 446
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