See also: and
U+66F4, 更
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-66F4

[U+66F3]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+66F5]

U+F901, 更
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F901

[U+F900]
CJK Compatibility Ideographs
[U+F902]

Translingual

Stroke order
7 strokes

Han character

(Kangxi radical 73, +3, 7 strokes, cangjie input 一中田大 (MLWK), four-corner 10506, composition )

Derived characters

References

Chinese

simp. and trad.
alternative forms

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts

Originally an ideogrammic compound (會意会意) , showing two chariots (). Later was added and a omitted to create the form seen in the Shuowen Jiezi (), a phono-semantic compound (形聲形声, OC *kraːŋ, *kraːŋs) : abbreviated phonetic 𰀒 (, two chariots) + semantic (hand holding a whip; action). The remaining eventually corrupted into a shape similar to .

Pronunciation 1


Note: “jīng” - literary variant for sense “to experience”.
Note: literary reading.
  • Wu
    • (Shanghai):
      • Wugniu: 1kan; 1ken
      • MiniDict: kan; ken
      • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): 1kan; 1ken
      • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /kã⁵³/, /kən⁵³/
Note:
  • 1ken - literary;
  • 1kan - vernacular.

    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 更 (換)
    Mandarin Beijing /kəŋ⁵⁵/
    Harbin /kəŋ⁴⁴/
    Tianjin /kəŋ²¹/
    Jinan /kəŋ²¹³/
    Qingdao /kəŋ²¹³/
    Zhengzhou /kəŋ²⁴/
    Xi'an /kəŋ²¹/
    Xining /kə̃⁴⁴/
    Yinchuan /kəŋ⁴⁴/
    Lanzhou /kə̃n³¹/
    Ürümqi /kɤŋ⁴⁴/
    Wuhan /kən⁵⁵/
    Chengdu /kən⁵⁵/
    Guiyang /ken²¹³/
    Kunming /kə̃⁴⁴/
    Nanjing /kən³¹/
    Hefei /kən²¹/
    Jin Taiyuan /kəŋ¹¹/ ~換
    /t͡ɕiəŋ¹¹/ 五~
    Pingyao /kəŋ¹³/
    Hohhot /kə̃ŋ³¹/
    Wu Shanghai /kã⁵³/
    /kəŋ⁵³/
    Suzhou /kã⁵⁵/
    Hangzhou /ken³³/
    Wenzhou /kiɛ³³/
    Hui Shexian /kʌ̃³¹/
    /kɛ³¹/ 打~
    Tunxi /t͡ɕiɛ¹¹/
    Xiang Changsha /kən³³/
    Xiangtan /kən³³/
    Gan Nanchang /kɑŋ⁴²/ 打~
    Hakka Meixian /kaŋ⁴⁴/
    Taoyuan /kɑŋ²⁴/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /kɐŋ⁵³/
    Nanning /kɐŋ⁵⁵/
    Hong Kong /kɐŋ⁵⁵/
    Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /kiŋ⁵⁵/
    /kĩ⁵⁵/
    Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /kaŋ⁴⁴/
    Jian'ou (Northern Min) /kaiŋ³³/
    /kaŋ⁵⁴/ 三~
    Shantou (Teochew) /keŋ³³/
    Haikou (Hainanese) /keŋ²³/
    /kɔŋ²³/

    Rime
    Character
    Reading # 1/2
    Initial () (28)
    Final () (109)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division () II
    Fanqie
    Baxter kaeng
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang
    /kˠæŋ/
    Pan
    Wuyun
    /kᵚaŋ/
    Shao
    Rongfen
    /kaŋ/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank
    /kaɨjŋ/
    Li
    Rong
    /kɐŋ/
    Wang
    Li
    /kɐŋ/
    Bernard
    Karlgren
    /kɐŋ/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex
    gēng
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex
    gang1
    BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character
    Reading # 1/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)
    gēng
    Middle
    Chinese
    ‹ kæng ›
    Old
    Chinese
    /*kˁraŋ/
    English change (v.)

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character
    Reading # 1/2
    No. 866
    Phonetic
    component
    Rime
    group
    Rime
    subdivision
    0
    Corresponding
    MC rime
    Old
    Chinese
    /*kraːŋ/

    Definitions

    1. to change; to replace
    2. to take turns; to rotate
    3. to experience
    4. 28th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "change" (𝌡)

    Compounds

    • 厲精更始厉精更始
    • 堂構更新堂构更新
    • 改姓更名
    • 改弦更張改弦更张 (gǎixiángēngzhāng)
    • 更代 (gēngdài)
    • 更休
    • 更僕難數更仆难数
    • 更動更动 (gēngdòng)
    • 更化
    • 更名 (gēngmíng)
    • 更名改姓
    • 更唱
    • 更始 (gēngshǐ)
    • 更姓
    • 更定 (gēngdìng)
    • 更審更审
    • 更年
    • 更年期 (gēngniánqī)
    • 更弦易轍更弦易辙
    • 更張更张
    • 更換更换 (gēnghuàn)
    • 更改 (gēnggǎi)
    • 更故
    • 更新 (gēngxīn)
    • 更新換代更新换代
    • 更易
    • 更替 (gēngtì)
    • 更次
    • 更正 (gēngzhèng)
    • 更正啟事更正启事
    • 更番 (gēngfān)
    • 更相
    • 更立
    • 更端
    • 更行
    • 更衣 (gēngyī)
    • 更衣室 (gēngyīshì)
    • 更訂更订
    • 更調更调
    • 更變更变
    • 更賦更赋
    • 更迭 (gēngdié)
    • 朝更夕改
    • 朝更暮改
    • 洗削更革
    • 洗盞更酌洗盏更酌
    • 滌故更新涤故更新
    • 萬象更新万象更新 (wànxiànggēngxīn)
    • 紛更纷更
    • 與民更始与民更始
    • 解弦更張解弦更张
    • 變更变更 (biàngēng)
    • 除舊更新除旧更新

    Pronunciation 2


    Note: vernacular reading.

    Rime
    Character
    Reading # 1/2
    Initial () (28)
    Final () (109)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division () II
    Fanqie
    Baxter kaeng
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang
    /kˠæŋ/
    Pan
    Wuyun
    /kᵚaŋ/
    Shao
    Rongfen
    /kaŋ/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank
    /kaɨjŋ/
    Li
    Rong
    /kɐŋ/
    Wang
    Li
    /kɐŋ/
    Bernard
    Karlgren
    /kɐŋ/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex
    gēng
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex
    gang1
    BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character
    Reading # 1/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)
    gēng
    Middle
    Chinese
    ‹ kæng ›
    Old
    Chinese
    /*kˁraŋ/
    English change (v.)

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character
    Reading # 1/2
    No. 866
    Phonetic
    component
    Rime
    group
    Rime
    subdivision
    0
    Corresponding
    MC rime
    Old
    Chinese
    /*kraːŋ/

    Definitions

    1. (historical) watch (of a sentry)
         sāngèng   third watch
    2. (historical) one of the five two-hour periods into which the night was formerly divided
    3. (Hong Kong Cantonese, by extension) shift; work shift; work period
      一日 [Cantonese, trad.]
      一日 [Cantonese, simp.]
      jat1 jat6 saam1 gaang1, mui5 gaang1 baat3 go3 zung1. [Jyutping]
      [There are] three shifts each day, eight hours each shift.

    Compounds

    • 三更
    • 三更半夜
    • 三更四鼓
    • 九更天
    • 二五更
    • 五更 (wǔgēng)
    • 五更三點五更三点
    • 五更天
    • 五更雞五更鸡
    • 五更頭五更头
    • 交更 (Cantonese)
    • 值更
    • 八更
    • 初更 (chūgēng)
    • 午更 (ng5 gaang1) (Cantonese)
    • 半夜三更
    • 司更
    • 嚴更严更
    • 坐更
    • 夜半三更 (yèbànsāngēng)
    • 夜更 (je6 gaang1) (Cantonese)
    • 夜靜更深夜静更深
    • 夜靜更長夜静更长
    • 夜靜更闌夜静更阑
    • 守更
    • 定更
    • 打更 (dǎgēng)
    • 拎更 (Cantonese)
    • 持更
    • 換更换更 (Cantonese)
    • 攞更𫽋更 (Cantonese)
    • 日更 (Cantonese)
    • 早更 (Cantonese)
    • 更亭 (Cantonese)
    • 更份 (Cantonese)
    • 更夜
    • 更夫 (gēngfū)
    • 更房
    • 更樓更楼
    • 更次
    • 更深 (gēngshēn)
    • 更深人靜更深人静
    • 更深半夜
    • 更深夜靜更深夜静
    • 更漏
    • 更籌更筹
    • 更籤更签
    • 更表 (gaang1 biu2) (Cantonese)
    • 更長夢短更长梦短
    • 更長漏永更长漏永
    • 更闌更阑
    • 更闌人靜更阑人静
    • 更頭更头
    • 更點更点
    • 更鼓
    • 更鼓敲盡更鼓敲尽
    • 替更 (tai3 gaang1) (Cantonese)
    • 深更 (shēngēng)
    • 深更半夜 (shēngēngbànyè)
    • 漏盡更闌漏尽更阑
    • 率更
    • 當更当更 (dong1 gaang1) (Cantonese)
    • 直落更 (Cantonese)
    • 看更
    • 知更鳥知更鸟 (zhīgēngniǎo)
    • 編更编更 (pin1 gaang1) (Cantonese)
    • 落更 (lok6 gaang1) (Cantonese)
    • 調更调更 (diu6 gaang1) (Cantonese)
    • 買更买更 (Cantonese)
    • 賣更卖更 (Cantonese)
    • 起更
    • 輪更轮更 (leon4 gaang1) (Cantonese)
    • 巡更 (xúngēng)
    • 追更 (zeoi1 gaang1) (Cantonese)
    • 連更徹夜连更彻夜
    • 頂更顶更 (ding2 gaang1) (Cantonese)
    • 鬼打更
    • 黑更半夜
    • 鼉更鼍更

    Pronunciation 3


    Note: literary reading.

    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 更 (加)
    Mandarin Beijing /kəŋ⁵¹/
    Harbin /kəŋ⁵³/
    Tianjin /kəŋ⁵³/
    Jinan /kəŋ²¹/
    Qingdao /kəŋ⁴²/
    Zhengzhou /kəŋ³¹²/
    Xi'an /kəŋ⁴⁴/
    Xining /kə̃²¹³/
    Yinchuan /kəŋ¹³/
    Lanzhou /kə̃n¹³/
    Ürümqi /kɤŋ²¹³/
    Wuhan /kən³⁵/
    Chengdu /kən¹³/
    Guiyang /ken²¹³/
    Kunming /kə̃¹/
    Nanjing /kən⁴⁴/
    Hefei /kən⁵³/
    Jin Taiyuan /kəŋ⁴⁵/
    Pingyao /kəŋ³⁵/
    Hohhot /kə̃ŋ⁵⁵/
    Wu Shanghai /kəŋ³⁵/
    Suzhou /kən⁵¹/
    Hangzhou /ken⁴⁴⁵/
    Wenzhou /kiɛ⁴²/
    Hui Shexian /kʌ̃³²⁴/
    Tunxi /kiɛ¹¹/
    Xiang Changsha /kən⁵⁵/
    Xiangtan /kən⁵⁵/
    Gan Nanchang /kiɛn⁴⁵/
    Hakka Meixian /ken⁵³/
    Taoyuan /ken⁵⁵/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /kɐŋ³³/
    Nanning /kɐŋ³³/
    Hong Kong /kɐŋ³³/
    Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /kiŋ²¹/
    Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /kaiŋ²¹²/
    Jian'ou (Northern Min) /kaiŋ³³/
    Shantou (Teochew) /keŋ²¹³/
    Haikou (Hainanese) /keŋ³⁵/
    /kɔŋ³⁵/

    Rime
    Character
    Reading # 2/2
    Initial () (28)
    Final () (109)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division () II
    Fanqie
    Baxter kaengH
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang
    /kˠæŋH/
    Pan
    Wuyun
    /kᵚaŋH/
    Shao
    Rongfen
    /kaŋH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank
    /kaɨjŋH/
    Li
    Rong
    /kɐŋH/
    Wang
    Li
    /kɐŋH/
    Bernard
    Karlgren
    /kɐŋH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex
    gèng
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex
    gang3
    BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character
    Reading # 2/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)
    gèng
    Middle
    Chinese
    ‹ kængH ›
    Old
    Chinese
    /*kˁraŋ-s/
    English still more

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character
    Reading # 2/2
    No. 879
    Phonetic
    component
    Rime
    group
    Rime
    subdivision
    0
    Corresponding
    MC rime
    Old
    Chinese
    /*kraːŋs/

    Definitions

    1. more; even more
      裙子漂亮 [MSC, trad. and simp.]
      Wǒ de qúnzi gèng piàoliang! [Pinyin]
      My skirt is even more beautiful!
      加拿大房子美國 [MSC, trad.]
      加拿大房子美国 [MSC, simp.]
      Jiānádà de fángzi bǐ Měiguó de gèng guì. [Pinyin]
      Canadian homes are even more expensive than American homes.
    2. (literary or Hong Kong) further; also

    Compounds

    Descendants

    • Vietnamese: càng

    References

    Japanese

    Kanji

    (common “Jōyō” kanji)

    1. grow late
    2. night watch
    3. of course
    4. renew

    Readings

    Compounds

    Etymology 1

    Kanji in this term
    さら
    Grade: S
    kun’yomi
    For pronunciation and definitions of – see the following entry.
    さら2
    [noun] something new and unused
    [proper noun] a female given name
    (This term, , is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

    Etymology 2

    Kanji in this term
    こもごも
    Grade: S
    kun’yomi
    For pronunciation and definitions of – see the following entry.
    こもごも
    [adverb] alternating; one after another
    [adverb] all mixed up and indistinct
    Alternative spellings
    交々, ,
    (This term, , is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

    Etymology 3

    Kanji in this term

    Grade: S
    kun’yomi
    For pronunciation and definitions of – see the following entry.
    [noun] growing late
    [noun] Short for 深田(ふけだ) (fukeda, muddy rice field​).
    Alternative spelling
    (This term, , is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

    Etymology 4

    Kanji in this term
    こう
    Grade: S
    on’yomi

    Pronunciation

    Noun

    (こう) • () かう (kau)?

    1. one of the five two-hour periods into which the night was divided in ancient China

    References

    1. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

    Korean

    Etymology 1

    From Middle Chinese (MC kaengH).

    Historical Readings
    Dongguk Jeongun Reading
    Dongguk Jeongun, 1448Recorded as Middle Korean ᄀᆡᇰ〮 (Yale: kóyng) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
    Middle Korean
    TextEumhun
    Gloss (hun)Reading
    Hunmong Jahoe, 1527다시 ᄀᆡᆼ[1]Recorded as Middle Korean ᄀᆡᆼ (koyng) (Yale: koyng) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.
    Early Modern Korean
    TextFinal (韻)Reading
    Samun Seonghwi, 1751다시 ᄀᆡᆼRecorded as Early Modern Korean ᄀᆡᆼ (Yale: koyng) in Juhae Cheonjamun (註解千字文 / 주해천자문), 1804.
    1. 去聲

    Pronunciation

    • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [kɛ(ː)ŋ] ~ [ke̞(ː)ŋ]
    • Phonetic hangul: [(ː)/(ː)]
      • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

    Hanja

    Wikisource (eumhun 다시 (dasi gaeng))

    1. Hanja form? of (again).

    Compounds

    Etymology 2

    From Middle Chinese (MC kaeng).

    Historical Readings
    Dongguk Jeongun Reading
    Dongguk Jeongun, 1448Recorded as Middle Korean ᄀᆡᇰ (Yale: kòyng) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
    Middle Korean
    TextEumhun
    Gloss (hun)Reading
    Hunmong Jahoe, 1527고틸 ᄀᆡᆼRecorded as Middle Korean ᄀᆡᆼ (koyng) (Yale: koyng) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.
    Early Modern Korean
    TextFinal (韻)Reading
    Samun Seonghwi, 1751고칠Recorded as Early Modern Korean  (Yale: kyeng) in Juhae Cheonjamun (註解千字文 / 주해천자문), 1804.

    Pronunciation

    Hanja

    (eumhun 고칠 (gochil gyeong))

    1. Hanja form? of (to change; to fix).

    Compounds

    References

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典.

    Vietnamese

    Han character

    : Hán Việt readings: canh[1][2][3], cánh[1][3]
    : Nôm readings: canh[1][2][3], cánh[1][2], cành[1], gánh[2], ngạnh[3]

    1. chữ Hán form of canh (to watch; to guard).

    References

    1. Nguyễn (2014).
    2. Nguyễn et al. (2009).
    3. Trần (2004).
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