可憐
See also: 可怜
Chinese
can; may; able to can; may; able to; certain(ly); to suit; (particle used for emphasis) |
to pity | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| trad. (可憐) | 可 | 憐 | |
| simp. (可怜) | 可 | 怜 | |
Pronunciation
Verb
可憐
- to have pity on; to pity
- 誓掃匈奴不顧身，五千貂錦喪胡塵。可憐無定河邊骨，猶是春閨夢裏人。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: 《隴西行四首/陇西行四首》, Chen Tao, ninth century CE
- Shì sǎo Xiōngnú bù gù shēn, wǔ qiān diāo jǐn sàng húchén. Kělián Wúdìng hé biān gǔ, yóu shì chūnguī mèng lǐ rén. [Pinyin]
- Having sworn to conquer the Huns, they did not care for their lives; five thousand brocade and marten [uniforms] were lost amid the barbarian dusts. I pity these skeletons on the banks of the Wuding; they are still the men in the dreams of the women's quarters.
誓扫匈奴不顾身，五千貂锦丧胡尘。可怜无定河边骨，犹是春闺梦里人。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
Synonyms
Adjective
可憐
- pitiful; pitiable; poor
- Synonyms: (Min Nan) 可憐代／可怜代, (Sichuan, Xiang) 造孽 (zàoniè), (Dungan) 孽障 (nièzhàng), (Wu) 罪過／罪过 (zuìguò)
- 可憐的孩子／可怜的孩子 ― kělián de háizi ― poor kid
- 惘惘乎汝欲反汝情性而無由入，可憐哉！ [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Zhuangzi, circa 3rd – 2nd centuries BCE
- Wǎngwǎng hū rǔ yù fǎn rǔ qíngxìng ér wúyóu rù, kělián zāi! [Pinyin]
- You are at your wit's end. You wish to recover your proper nature, and you know not what step to take first to find it. You are to be pitied!
惘惘乎汝欲反汝情性而无由入，可怜哉！ [Classical Chinese, simp.]- 可憐行色可憐身，可憐門前訪可憐。可憐此意傳可憐，可憐能知可憐心。 [Korean Literary Sinitic, trad.]
- From: 《可憐妓詩》 ("Poem to the Courtesan Garyeon"), Kim Byeong'yeon (金炳淵), c. 1830
- Garyeon haengsaek garyeon sin, Garyeon munjeon bang Garyeon. Garyeon cha ui jeon Garyeon, Garyeon neung ji garyeon sim. [Sino-Korean]
- With a pitiable gait, my pitiable self calls for Garyeon in front of her door. I convey to her my pitiable intention; surely she'll understand my pitiable heart.
- meager; negligible (of a number or amount)
- (literary) lovely
- 可憐江浦望，明沙十里連。令人箇箇拾，共數父母年。 [Korean Literary Sinitic, trad.]
- From: 《贈還甲宴老人》 ("For an Old Woman on her Sixtieth Birthday"), Kim Byeong'yeon (金炳淵), c. 1830
- Garyeon gangpo mang, myeongsa sim ni ryeon. Yeong in gaegae seup, gongsu bumo nyeon. [Sino-Korean]
- How lovely it is to look at the riverbank; the bright sands stretch on for ten miles. I would make people pick up [and count] each and every [grain of sand]; may your parents' years be as innumerable as they.
Japanese
| Kanji in this term | |
|---|---|
| 可 | 憐 |
| か Grade: 5 |
れん Jinmeiyō |
| on’yomi | |
Adjective
可憐 • (karen) -na (adnominal 可憐な (karen na), adverbial 可憐に (karen ni))
- pretty, lovely
- 1919, 板倉勝宣, 山と雪の日記:
- ここから見ると可憐な山だ。
- Koko kara miru to karen na yama da.
- If you look over there you can see lovely mountains.
- ここから見ると可憐な山だ。
- 1919, 板倉勝宣, 山と雪の日記:
- pitiful
- 1932, 魯迅, 薬:
- ところがあの馬の骨め、打たれても平気で、可憐そうだ。
- Tokoro ga ano uma no hone me, utarete mo heiki de, karen sō da.
- Still, it's awfully sad to see that bony horse that doesn't even care when it gets hit.
- ところがあの馬の骨め、打たれても平気で、可憐そうだ。
- 1932, 魯迅, 薬:
Inflection
Inflection of 可憐
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Imperfective (未然形) | 可憐だろ | かれんだろ | karen daro |
| Continuative (連用形) | 可憐で | かれんで | karen de |
| Terminal (終止形) | 可憐だ | かれんだ | karen da |
| Attributive (連体形) | 可憐な | かれんな | karen na |
| Hypothetical (仮定形) | 可憐なら | かれんなら | karen nara |
| Imperative (命令形) | 可憐であれ | かれんであれ | karen de are |
| Key constructions | |||
| Informal negative | 可憐ではない 可憐じゃない |
かれんではない かれんじゃない |
karen de wa nai karen ja nai |
| Informal past | 可憐だった | かれんだった | karen datta |
| Informal negative past | 可憐ではなかった 可憐じゃなかった |
かれんではなかった かれんじゃなかった |
karen de wa nakatta karen ja nakatta |
| Formal | 可憐です | かれんです | karen desu |
| Formal negative | 可憐ではありません 可憐じゃありません |
かれんではありません かれんじゃありません |
karen de wa arimasen karen ja arimasen |
| Formal past | 可憐でした | かれんでした | karen deshita |
| Formal negative past | 可憐ではありませんでした 可憐じゃありませんでした |
かれんではありませんでした かれんじゃありませんでした |
karen de wa arimasen deshita karen ja arimasen deshita |
| Conjunctive | 可憐で | かれんで | karen de |
| Conditional | 可憐なら（ば） | かれんなら（ば） | karen nara (ba) |
| Provisional | 可憐だったら | かれんだったら | karen dattara |
| Volitional | 可憐だろう | かれんだろう | karen darō |
| Adverbial | 可憐に | かれんに | karen ni |
| Degree | 可憐さ | かれんさ | karensa |
Classical conjugation of "可憐なり" (ナリ活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
| Stem forms | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Irrealis (未然形) | 可憐なら | かれんなら | karennara | |
| Continuative (連用形) | 可憐に[1] 可憐なり[2] | かれんに かれんなり | karenni karennari | |
| Terminal (終止形) | 可憐なり | かれんなり | karennari | |
| Attributive (連体形) | 可憐なる | かれんなる | karennaru | |
| Realis (已然形) | 可憐なれ | かれんなれ | karennare | |
| Imperative (命令形) | 可憐なれ | かれんなれ | karennare | |
| Key constructions | ||||
| Negative | 可憐ならず | かれんならず | karennarazu | |
| Contrasting conjunction | 可憐なれど | かれんなれど | karennaredo | |
| Causal conjunction | 可憐なれば | かれんなれば | karennareba | |
| Conditional conjunction | 可憐ならば | かれんならば | karennaraba | |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 可憐なりき | かれんなりき | karennariki | |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 可憐なりけり | かれんなりけり | karennarikeri | |
| Adverbial | 可憐に | かれんに | karenni | |
| [1]Without auxiliary verb. [2]With auxiliary verb. | ||||
Noun
可憐 • (karen)
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References
- Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
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