匈奴

Chinese

		Hungary; thorax; chest	slave
trad. (匈奴)		匈	奴
simp. ^#(匈奴)		匈	奴

Etymology

Schuessler (2014) reconstructs its 318 BCE pronunciation as *hoŋ-nâ and later *hɨoŋ-nɑ, which he suggests to be a Han or pre-Han transcription of foreign *Hŏna or *Hŭna, which may be connected to Sanskrit हूण (hūṇa), Huns, Latin Hunni, Ancient Greek Οὗννοι (Hoûnnoi) (ibid.; Pulleyblank, 2000).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): Xiōngnú

(Zhuyin): ㄒㄩㄥㄋㄨˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): hung¹ nou⁴
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): Hiûng-nù
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): Hiong-lô͘

(Teochew, Peng'im): hiong¹ nou¹

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: Xiōngnú
  - Zhuyin: ㄒㄩㄥㄋㄨˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: Syongnú
  - Wade–Giles: Hsiung¹-nu²
  - Yale: Syūng-nú
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Shiongnu
  - Palladius: Сюнну (Sjunnu)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi̯ʊŋ⁵⁵ nu³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: hung¹ nou⁴
  - Yale: hūng nòuh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: hung¹ nou⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: hung¹ nou⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hʊŋ⁵⁵ nou̯²¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Hiûng-nù
  - Hakka Romanization System: hiung´ nuˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: hiung¹ nu²
  - Sinological IPA: /hi̯uŋ²⁴ nu¹¹/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Hiong-lô͘
  - Tâi-lô: Hiong-lôo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hiongloo
  - IPA (Xiamen): /hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² lɔ²⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /hiɔŋ³³ lɔ²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² lɔ¹³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ lɔ²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ lɔ²³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: hiong¹ nou¹
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hiong nou
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hioŋ³³⁻²³ nou³³/

Middle Chinese: xjowng nu

Rime
Character	匈	奴
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	曉 (32)	泥 (8)
Final (韻)	鍾 (7)	模 (23)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	I
Fanqie	許容切	乃都切
Baxter	xjowng	nu
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/hɨoŋ/	/nuo/
Pan Wuyun	/hioŋ/	/nuo/
Shao Rongfen	/xioŋ/	/no/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/huawŋ/	/nɔ/
Li Rong	/xioŋ/	/no/
Wang Li	/xĭwoŋ/	/nu/
Bernard Karlgren	/xi̯woŋ/	/nuo/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xiōng	nú
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hung¹	nou⁴

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*qʰoŋ naː/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	奴
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	nú
Middle Chinese	‹ nu ›
Old Chinese	/*nˁa/
English	slave
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	匈	奴
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	13890	9600
Phonetic component	凶	女
Rime group	東	魚
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	胷	奴
Old Chinese	/*qʰoŋ/	/*naː/
Notes	説文胷字見集韻

Proper noun

匈奴

(historical) Xiongnu (ancient nomadic-based people that formed a state or confederation north of the agriculture-based empire of the Han dynasty)

Synonyms

(Zhou dynasty) 獫狁／猃狁, 玁狁／𤞤狁
(Shang dynasty) 鬼方 (Guǐfāng)
(Xia dynasty) 獯鬻 (Xūnyù), 葷粥／荤粥

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (匈奴):

→ Japanese: 匈(きょう)奴(ど) (Kyōdo)
→ Korean: 흉노(匈奴) (Hyungno)
→ Vietnamese: Hung Nô (匈奴)

→ English: Xiongnu
→ Russian: сю́нну (sjúnnu), сюнну́ (sjunnú)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
匈	奴
きょう Hyōgaiji	ど Grade: S
on’yomi

Kanji in this term
匈	奴
Hyōgaiji	Grade: S
irregular

Proper noun

匈(きょう)奴(ど) • (Kyōdo)

The Xiongnu peoples, the Huns

Proper noun

匈奴(フンヌ) or 匈奴(フン) • (Funnu or Fun)

Hun

Korean

Hanja in this term
匈	奴

Proper noun

匈奴 • (Hyungno) (hangeul 흉노)

Hanja form^? of 흉노 (“Xiongnu”).

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
匈	奴

Proper noun

匈奴

chữ Hán form of Hung Nô (“Xiongnu”).

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