鬼方

Chinese

		ghost; sly; crafty	square; quadrilateral; place square; quadrilateral; place; region; direction; side; method; way; prescription; power; upright; just
trad. (鬼方)		鬼	方
simp. ^#(鬼方)		鬼	方

Etymology

First attested in the Shang period's Oracle Bones (Anderson, 2015; Khayutina, 2016).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): Guǐfāng

(Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄟˇ ㄈㄤ
Cantonese (Jyutping): gwai² fong¹

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: Guǐfāng
  - Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄟˇ ㄈㄤ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: Guěifang
  - Wade–Giles: Kuei³-fang¹
  - Yale: Gwěi-fāng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Goeifang
  - Palladius: Гуйфан (Gujfan)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ku̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ fɑŋ⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: gwai² fong¹
  - Yale: gwái fōng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gwai² fong¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: guei² fong¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʷɐi̯³⁵ fɔːŋ⁵⁵/

Middle Chinese: kjw+jX pjang

Rime
Character	鬼	方
Reading #	1/1	2/2
Initial (聲)	見 (28)	幫 (1)
Final (韻)	微 (21)	陽 (106)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Closed
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	居偉切	府良切
Baxter	kjw+jX	pjang
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʉi^X/	/pʉɐŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/kʷɨi^X/	/pʷiɐŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/kiuəi^X/	/piuɑŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kuj^X/	/puaŋ/
Li Rong	/kiuəi^X/	/piuaŋ/
Wang Li	/kĭwəi^X/	/pĭwaŋ/
Bernard Karlgren	/kwe̯i^X/	/piwaŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	guǐ	fāng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gwai²	fong¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*k-ʔujʔ C-paŋ/

(Zhengzhang): /*kulʔ paŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	鬼	方
Reading #	1/1	1/3
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	guǐ	fāng
Middle Chinese	‹ kjwɨj^X ›	‹ pjang ›
Old Chinese	/*k-ʔujʔ/	/*C-paŋ/
English	ghost	square
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	鬼	方
Reading #	1/1	1/2
No.	4689	3023
Phonetic component	鬼	方
Rime group	微	陽
Rime subdivision	2	0
Corresponding MC rime	鬼	方
Old Chinese	/*kulʔ/	/*paŋ/
Notes		甲金文象槳即榜初文，下初爲單筆，猶旂左初亦作單杆

Proper noun

鬼方

Guifang (a northern people that fought against the Shang Dynasty; possibly identical with 赤狄 (Chìdí, “Red Di”)'s leaders who bore the surname 隗 (Kuí).

Further reading

Theobald, Ulrich. (2012). "Di 狄" ChinaKnowledge.de - An Encyclopaedia on Chinese History, Literature and Art
Anderson, Matthew Mccutchen. (2015). "Change and Standardization in Anyang: Writing and Culture in Bronze Age China". Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 1589. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/1589
Khayutina, Maria. (2016). "The Tombs of the Rulers of Peng and Relationships between Zhou and Northern Non-Zhou Lineages (Until the Early Ninth Century B.C.)" in Shaughnessy, Edward L. (ed.) Imprints of Kinship: Studies of Recently Discovered Bronze Inscriptions from Ancient China Publisher: Chinese University of Hong Kong Press. pp. 71-132

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