徒

徒 (Kangxi radical 60, 彳+7, 10 strokes, cangjie input 竹人土卜人 (HOGYO), four-corner 2428₁, composition ⿰彳走)

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 367, character 22
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10121
• Dae Jaweon: page 691, character 5
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 823, character 3
• Unihan data for U+5F92

Historical forms of the character 徒
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script

Small seal script: Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'aː) : semantic 辵 (“walk”) + phonetic 土 (OC *l̥ʰaːʔ, *l'aːʔ). Later corrupted into 彳 + 走.

徒

1. to be on foot

   • 以吾從大夫之後，不可徒行也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     以吾从大夫之后，不可徒行也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Yǐ wú cóng dàfū zhīhòu, bùkě tú xíng yě. [Pinyin]

     For, to follow in the rear of the great officers, it was not proper that I should walk on foot.

   • 顧見綦母先生，班白而徒行。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     顾见綦母先生，班白而徒行。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Western Jin, 魯褒, 錢神論

     Gù jiàn Qímǔ xiānshēng, bān bái ér tú xíng. [Pinyin]

     He saw Mr. Qimu, who had graying hair yet was travelling on foot.

2. foot soldier
3. disciple; follower; adherent
4. religious follower; apostle; worshipper
5. the likes of

   Synonym: friend

   • 聖人無常師：孔子師郯子、萇弘、師襄、老聃。郯子之徒，其賢不及孔子。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     圣人无常师：孔子师郯子、苌弘、师襄、老聃。郯子之徒，其贤不及孔子。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Han Yu, 師說 (shīshuō)

     Shèngrén wú cháng shī: Kǒngzǐ shī Tánzǐ, Chánghóng, Shīxiāng, Lǎodān. Tánzǐ zhī tú, qí xián bùjí kǒngzǐ. [Pinyin]

     The wise man does not have an invariable teacher: Confucius learned from Tanzi, Chang Hong, Shixiang, and Laozi. The likes of Tanzi are not more virtuous than Confucius.

6. prison sentence

   無期徒刑／无期徒刑  ―  wúqī tú xíng  ―  life imprisonment (literally, “Sentence of indefinite imprisonment”)

7. (derogatory) suffix for people with certain characteristics

   暴徒  ―  bàotú  ―  thug

   歹徒  ―  dǎitú  ―  ruffian

   • 走！復入言沛公，吾高陽酒徒也，非儒人也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     走！复入言沛公，吾高阳酒徒也，非儒人也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE

     Zǒu! Fù rù yán Pèigōng, wú Gāoyáng jiǔtú yě, fēi rúrén yě. [Pinyin]

     Depart! Make haste! Go back in there and tell the Prince of Pei again that I am the Drunkard of Gaoyang; I'm no 'scholar!'

8. bare; plain

   徒跣  ―  túxiǎn  ―  barefoot

   徒手  ―  túshǒu  ―  with one's bare hands

9. merely; only; just

   • 徒善不足以為政，徒法不能以自行。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     徒善不足以为政，徒法不能以自行。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Mencius, c. 4^th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Tú shàn bùzú yǐ wéi zhèng, tú fǎ bùnéng yǐ zì xíng. [Pinyin]

     Virtue alone is not sufficient for the exercise of government; laws alone cannot carry themselves into practice.

   • 助之長者，揠苗者也。非徒無益，而又害之。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     助之长者，揠苗者也。非徒无益，而又害之。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Mencius, c. 4^th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Zhù zhī zhǎng zhě, yà miáo zhě yě. Fēi tú wúyì, ér yòu hài zhī. [Pinyin]

     They who assist it to grow long, pull out their corn. What they do is not only of no benefit to the nature, but it also injures it

10. in vain; unsuccessfully; to no avail

    徒勞／徒劳  ―  túláo  ―  to be futile

11. a surname

• “徒”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
• Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A01288

(grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

1. going on foot
2. empty-handed
3. useless, in vain
4. disciple
5. a party, a gang
6. criminal, penal servitude

• Go-on: ず (zu)^{←づ (du, historical)}
• Kan-on: と (to, Jōyō)
• Kun: いたずら (itazura)^{←いたづら (itadura, historical)}; あだ (ada); かち (kachi); ともがら (tomogara); むだ (muda)
• Nanori: とも (tomo)

• IPA^(key): [ita̠zɨᵝɾa̠]

徒(いたずら) • (itazura) ^{←いたづら (itadura)?†}-nari

1. useless, pointless, fruitless
2. unsatisfied because there is nothing to be; tasteless
3. in idleness

徒(いたずら) • (itazura) ^{←いたづら (itadura)?}

1. a kind of women's hairstyles in the late Edo period

• 徒(いたず)らに (itazura ni, “uselessly, pointlessly”)
• 悪戯(いたずら) (itazura, “prank, mischief”)

• (Tokyo) あだ​ [àdáꜜ] (Odaka – [2])
• IPA^(key): [a̠da̠]

徒(あだ) • (ada) ^†-nari

1. useless, fruitless

   一度(いちど)限(かぎ)りの人生(じんせい)を徒(あだ)にしてしまう

   ichido kagiri no jinsei o ada ni shiteshimau

   to make one's one-time life gone ruined

2. (now rare) ephemeral, temporary
3. (now rare) fickle, frivolous
4. (now rare) slack, lukewarm
5. (historical, poetry) the term of the 蕉風俳諧(しょうふうはいかい) (shōfūhaikai, “Bashō style haikai”) to indicate innocent and humorous style

• (Tokyo) と​ [tóꜜ] (Atamadaka – [1])
• IPA^(key): [to̞]

徒(と) • (to) 

1. fellows, same kind people; a set, a party, a gang

   Synonyms: 輩 (yakara), 輩 (tomogara)

• 口(こう)舌(ぜつ)の徒(と) (kōzetsu no to)
• 市(し)井(せい)の徒(と) (shisei no to)

• (Tokyo) ず​ [zúꜜ] (Atamadaka – [1])
• IPA^(key): [d͡zɨᵝ]

徒(ず) • (zu) ^{←づ (du)?}

1. (historical) one of the punishments in the ancient Ritsuryō system; penal servitude

   Synonyms: 徒刑 (tokei), 懲役 (chōeki)

• 徒(ず)罪(ざい) (zuzai)
• 徒(ず)人(にん) (zunin)
• 流(る)徒(ず) (ruzu)

<kasi> → /kaɕi/

From an eastern dialectal form of Old Japanese. Cognate with Modern Japanese かち (kachi, “walking, going on foot”).

徒(かし) • (kashi) 

1. (Classical Japanese, dialectal) Obsolete form of かち (kachi): walking, going on foot
   • c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 20, poem 4417:

     阿加胡麻乎(あかごまを)　夜麻努尓波賀志(やまのにはがし)　刀里加尓弖(とりかにて)　多麻能余許夜麻(たまのよこやま)　加志(かし)由加也良牟(ゆかやらむ) [Man'yōgana]

     赤駒(あかごま)を　山野(やまの)に放(はが)し　捕(と)りかにて　多摩(たま)の横山(よこやま)　徒(かし)ゆか遣(や)らむ [Modern spelling]

     <Akago₁ma wo yamano₁ ni pagasi to₁rikanite Tama no₂ yo₂ko₂yama kasi yuka yaramu>
     → Akagoma o yamano ni hagashi torikanite Tama no yokoyama kashi yuka yaramu

     Having our red horse pastured on the mountain field, but we couldn't catch it; so I'll send him, who'll go on foot through the mountains on the side of Tama.

   (The addition of quotations indicative of this usage is being sought:)

From Middle Chinese 徒 (MC du). Recorded as Middle Korean 도 (two) (Yale: two) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Wikisource 徒 (eumhun 무리 도 (muri do))

1. Hanja form^? of 도 (“party; gang; group; disciple”).
2. Hanja form^? of 도 (“going on foot”).
3. Hanja form^? of 도 (“useless; in vain”).

• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

徒: Hán Nôm readings: đồ

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