凡
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Translingual
Stroke order | |||
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Han character
凡 (Kangxi radical 16, 几+1, 3 strokes, cangjie input 竹弓戈 (HNI), four-corner 77210, composition ⿵几丶)
Derived characters
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 134, character 2
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1739
- Dae Jaweon: page 299, character 10
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 276, character 3
- Unihan data for U+51E1
Chinese
Glyph origin
Historical forms of the character 凡 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) | |
Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Qin slip script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
Pictogram (象形) – a plate, a flat dish.
Borrowed for abstract meanings. Another character 盤 (OC *baːn) was created to refer to the original word.
Etymology 1
simp. and trad. |
凡 |
---|
According to Schuessler (2007), Sino-Tibetan in origin; compare Mizo pum (“whole; all”), Burmese ဘုံ (bhum, “common, public, communal”). Cognate with 法 (OC *pqab, “law”).
Pronunciation
Definitions
凡
- in general; every, all, any; indicates that the statement applies generally, to all cases.
- 凡為人子之禮:冬溫而夏凊,昏定而晨省,在醜夷不爭。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Book of Rites, c. 4th – 2nd century BCE
- Fán wèi rénzǐ zhī lǐ: dōng wēn ér xià qìng, hūn dìng ér chén xǐng, zài chǒuyí bù zhēng. [Pinyin]
- For all sons it is the rule: In winter, to warm [the bed for their parents], and to cool it in summer; in the evening, to adjust everything [for their repose], and to inquire [about their health] in the morning; and, when with their companions, not to quarrel.
凡为人子之礼:冬温而夏凊,昏定而晨省,在丑夷不争。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- altogether; in total (of numbers)
- 君一位,卿一位,大夫一位,上士一位,中士一位,下士一位,凡六等。 [Classical Chinese, trad. and simp.]
- From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
- Jūn yī wèi, qīng yī wèi, dàfū yī wèi, shàngshì yī wèi, zhōngshì yī wèi, xiàshì yī wèi, fán liù děng. [Pinyin]
- The Ruler again constituted one dignity; the Chief Minister one; the Great Officers one; the Scholars of the First Class one; those of the Middle Class one; and those of the Lowest Class one - altogether six degrees of dignity.
- ordinary; commonplace
- worldly; mortal; earthly
- (literary) outline; gist
- a surname
Antonyms
- (antonym(s) of “ordinary”): 偉/伟 (wěi) (extraordinary)
Compounds
- 一表非凡
- 下凡 (xiàfán)
- 不凡 (bùfán)
- 不同凡響/不同凡响 (bùtóngfánxiǎng)
- 不平凡
- 不知凡幾/不知凡几 (bùzhīfánjǐ)
- 丰標不凡
- 伊凡諾夫/伊凡诺夫
- 但凡 (dànfán)
- 入聖超凡/入圣超凡
- 凡事 (fánshì)
- 凡人 (fánrén)
- 凡作
- 凡例 (fánlì)
- 凡俗 (fánsú)
- 凡勢/凡势 (hoān-sè) (Min Nan)
- 凡品
- 凡士林 (fánshìlín)
- 凡夫 (fánfū)
- 凡夫俗子 (fánfūsúzǐ)
- 凡夫肉眼
- 凡庸 (fányōng)
- 凡心
- 凡愚
- 凡才
- 凡是 (fánshì)
- 凡材
- 凡桃俗李
- 凡民
- 凡火
- 凡爾/凡尔 (fán'ěr)
- 凡爾賽/凡尔赛 (fán'ěrsài)
- 凡爾賽宮/凡尔赛宫 (Fán'ěrsài Gōng)
- 凡百
- 凡目
- 凡眼
- 凡知
- 凡立司
- 凡童
- 凡胎俗骨
- 凡胎濁骨/凡胎浊骨
- 凡語/凡语
- 凡近
- 凡間/凡间 (fánjiān)
- 凡骨
- 單調平凡/单调平凡
- 器宇不凡
- 塵凡/尘凡
- 大凡 (dàfán)
- 平凡 (píngfán)
- 得意非凡
- 思凡
- 楚楚不凡
- 濁質凡姿/浊质凡姿
- 濁骨凡胎/浊骨凡胎
- 發凡/发凡
- 發凡舉例/发凡举例
- 眼肉胎凡
- 素門凡流/素门凡流
- 肉眼凡夫
- 肉眼凡胎
- 臨凡/临凡
- 自命不凡 (zìmìngbùfán)
- 自負不凡/自负不凡
- 舉例發凡/举例发凡
- 舉凡/举凡 (jǔfán)
- 舉止不凡/举止不凡
- 諸凡順遂/诸凡顺遂
- 超凡 (chāofán)
- 超凡入聖/超凡入圣 (chāofánrùshèng)
- 超凡出世
- 身價非凡/身价非凡
- 身手不凡 (shēnshǒubùfán)
- 降凡
- 非凡 (fēifán)
- 非凡氣魄/非凡气魄
- 革凡成聖/革凡成圣
- 革凡登聖/革凡登圣
- 骨格不凡
Pronunciation
References
- “凡”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database), 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
Japanese
Readings
- Go-on: ぼん (bon, Jōyō)←ぼん (bon, historical)←ぼむ (bomu, ancient)
- Kan-on: はん (han, Jōyō †)←はん (fan, historical)←はむ (famu, ancient)
- Kun: おお (ō, 凡)←おほ (ofo, 凡, historical); おおし (ōshi, 凡)←おほし (ofosi, 凡, historical); おおよそ (ōyoso, 凡)←おほよそ (ofoyoso, 凡, historical); およそ (oyoso, 凡そ); すべて (subete, 凡て)
- Nanori: おおち (ōchi)←おほち (ofoti, historical); おし (oshi); ただし (tadashi); ちか (chika); つね (tsune); なみ (nami); ひろし (hiroshi)
Compounds
- 凡凡 (bonbon)
- 凡界 (bonkai)
- 凡眼 (bongan)
- 凡器 (bonki)
- 凡境 (bonkyō), 凡境 (bonkei)
- 凡近 (bonkin)
- 凡愚 (bongu)
- 凡下 (bonge)
- 凡骨 (bonkotsu)
- 凡才 (bonsai)
- 凡作 (bonsaku)
- 凡策 (bonsaku)
- 凡失 (bonshitsu)
- 凡主 (bonshu)
- 凡手 (bonshu)
- 凡庶 (bonsho)
- 凡書 (bonsho)
- 凡小 (bonshō)
- 凡常 (bonjō)
- 凡情 (bonjō)
- 凡将 (bonshō)
- 凡聖 (bonshō)
- 凡人 (bonjin)
- 凡身 (bonshin)
- 凡戦 (bonsen)
- 凡僧 (bonsō), 凡僧 (bonzō)
- 凡走 (bonsō)
- 凡俗 (bonzoku)
- 凡打 (bonda)
- 凡退 (bontai)
- 凡知, 凡智 (bonchi)
- 凡人 (bonnin)
- 凡百 (bonpyaku)
- 凡夫 (bonpu), 凡夫 (bonbu)
- 凡庸 (bon'yō)
- 凡流 (bonryū)
- 凡慮 (bonryo)
- 凡百 (hanpyaku)
- 凡例 (hanrei)
- 退凡下乗 (daibongejō)
- 常凡 (jōbon)
- 超凡 (chōbon)
- 非凡 (hibon)
- 平凡 (heibon)
- 大凡 (ōyoso)
Etymology 1
Kanji in this term |
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凡 |
ぼん Grade: S |
goon |
Alternative spelling |
---|
凢 (rare) |
*/bɨəm/ → /bomʉ/ → /boɴ/
From Middle Chinese 凡 (MC bjom).
Inflection
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Imperfective (未然形) | 凡だろ | ぼんだろ | bon daro |
Continuative (連用形) | 凡で | ぼんで | bon de |
Terminal (終止形) | 凡だ | ぼんだ | bon da |
Attributive (連体形) | 凡な | ぼんな | bon na |
Hypothetical (仮定形) | 凡なら | ぼんなら | bon nara |
Imperative (命令形) | 凡であれ | ぼんであれ | bon de are |
Key constructions | |||
Informal negative | 凡ではない 凡じゃない |
ぼんではない ぼんじゃない |
bon de wa nai bon ja nai |
Informal past | 凡だった | ぼんだった | bon datta |
Informal negative past | 凡ではなかった 凡じゃなかった |
ぼんではなかった ぼんじゃなかった |
bon de wa nakatta bon ja nakatta |
Formal | 凡です | ぼんです | bon desu |
Formal negative | 凡ではありません 凡じゃありません |
ぼんではありません ぼんじゃありません |
bon de wa arimasen bon ja arimasen |
Formal past | 凡でした | ぼんでした | bon deshita |
Formal negative past | 凡ではありませんでした 凡じゃありませんでした |
ぼんではありませんでした ぼんじゃありませんでした |
bon de wa arimasen deshita bon ja arimasen deshita |
Conjunctive | 凡で | ぼんで | bon de |
Conditional | 凡なら(ば) | ぼんなら(ば) | bon nara (ba) |
Provisional | 凡だったら | ぼんだったら | bon dattara |
Volitional | 凡だろう | ぼんだろう | bon darō |
Adverbial | 凡に | ぼんに | bon ni |
Degree | 凡さ | ぼんさ | bonsa |
Derived terms
- 凡ミス (bon misu)
Etymology 2
Kanji in this term |
---|
凡 |
おお Grade: S |
kun’yomi |
/opo/ → /ofo/ → /oho/ → /oː/
From Old Japanese.
Cognate with 大 (ō, “great, large”), and the oho- element in おほほし (ohohoshi, “unclear, indistinct; depressed, gloomy; stupid, imbecilic”).[2][1]
Historically also realized as obo in old texts, and cognate with the obo- element in 朧 (oboro, “hazy, vague, dim, indistinct”).[2][1]
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [o̞ː]
Adjective
- (archaic) dim, faint
- Synonym: 仄か (honoka)
- , text here
- 天數凡津子之相日於保尓見敷者今叙悔 [Man'yōgana]
- 空数ふ大津の子が逢ひし日におぼに見しかば今ぞ悔しき [Modern spelling]
- sora kazou Ōtsu no ko ga aishi hi ni oboni mishikaba ima zo kuyashiki
- (please add an English translation of this example)
- (archaic) moderate
- Synonym: いい加減 (iikagen)
- , text here
- 於能我乎遠於保尓奈於毛比曽尓波尓多知恵麻須我可良尓古麻尓安布毛能乎 [Man'yōgana]
- 己が命をおほにな思ひそ庭に立ち笑ますがからに駒に逢ふものを [Modern spelling]
- onoga o o ōni na omoi so niwa ni tachi emasu ga kara ni koma ni au mono o
- (please add an English translation of this example)
- (archaic) mediocre, ordinary
- , text here
- 凡有者左毛右毛将為乎恐跡振痛袖乎忍而有香聞 [Man'yōgana]
- おほならばかもかもせむを畏みと振りたき袖を忍びてあるかも [Modern spelling]
- ōnaraba ka mo ka mo semu o kashikomi to furitaki sode o shinobite aru ka mo
- (please add an English translation of this example)
- , text here
- (archaic) 大: large, big; roomy, loose
Etymology 3
Kanji in this term |
---|
凡 |
おおし Grade: S |
kun’yomi |
From Old Japanese.
Appears to be a lexicalized adverbial use of the 終止形 (shūshikei, “terminal form”) of classical adjective 多し (ōshi, “many”, modern 多い (ōi), same opo → ofo → oho → ō root).
Alternatively, might be adjective stem ō + conjunctive particle し (shi).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [o̞ːɕi]
Derived terms
- 凡河内 (Ōshikōchi, a surname)
References
- Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN