ħ

Originally devised for use in Maltese; see that entry for more details. First adopted as the IPA symbol for the voiceless pharyngeal fricative in 1921.

• IPA

  (file)

ħ

1. (IPA) a voiceless pharyngeal fricative.
2. (superscript ⟨𐞕⟩, IPA) [ħ]-fricated release of a plosive (e.g. [ʡ𐞕], sometimes implying an affricate [ʡ͜ħ]); [ħ]-coloring; or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [ħ].
3. (NAPA) as IPA.

   Synonym: ḥ

4. (physics) a typesetting error for the reduced Planck's constant, ⟨ℏ⟩.

• (Latin script):  Aa  Bb  Cc  Dd  Ee  Ff  Gg  Hh  Ii  Jj  Kk  Ll  Mm  Nn  Oo  Pp  Qq  Rr  Sſs  Tt  Uu  Vv  Ww  Xx  Yy  Zz
• (Variations of letter H):  Ĥĥ  Ȟȟ  Ḧḧ  Ḣḣ  Ḩḩ  Ḥḥ  Ḫḫ  H̱ẖ  Ħħ  Ⱨⱨ  ɦ  ʰ  ʜ  Ｈｈ
• (Letters using stroke sign):  Ⱥⱥ  Ƀƀ  Ȼȼ  Đđ  Ɇɇ  Ǥǥ  Ħħ  Ɨɨ  Ɉɉ  Ꝁꝁ  Łł  Øø  Ᵽᵽ  Ɍɍ  Ŧŧ  Ʉʉ  Ɏɏ  Ƶƶ  Ꝥꝥ

The letter mainly continues Arabic ح (ḥ) and Arabic خ (ḵ). These two phonemes were merged into /ħ/ around Valetta since at least the 18th century, but continued to be distinguished as /ħ/ and /x~χ/ elsewhere. By the later 19th century, however, this merger had established itself throughout the language (thus significantly earlier than that of għ, which see).

Additionally it may continue Arabic ه /h/. This letter was mostly vowelised (see h), but as first or last radical of a root it sporadically underwent fortition instead.

The symbol <ħ> was apparently first used by Maltese canon G. P. F. Agius de Soldanis in 1746, though it was not popularised until the latter half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, being officially adopted in 1924.[1]

• (phoneme) IPA^(key): /ħ/

ħ (upper case Ħ)

1. The eleventh letter of the Maltese alphabet, called ħe and written in the Latin script.

• In contemporary Maltese, the letter ħ represents /ħ/ in all positions. Chiefly word-finally, the same phoneme may also be represented by għ or h. The actual realisation varies (by position and speaker) between [χ], [ħ], and [h]. This variation is purely allophonic.

• (Latin-script letters) ittra; A a, B b, Ċ ċ, D d, E e, F f, Ġ ġ, G g, Għ għ, H h, Ħ ħ, I i, Ie ie, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u, V v, W w, X x, Ż ż, Z z