Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/pel-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*pel-[1][2]

to cover, to wrap
skin, hide, cloth

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *pel- (skin)‎ (14 c, 0 e)

*pel-ḗn ~ *pl̥-nés
- *pl-ēn-(y)éh₂[3][4][5]
  - Proto-Balto-Slavic: *plėni(a) (“membrane”)
    - Latvian: plēne
    - Lithuanian: plėnė̃, plėnìs
    - Old Prussian: pleynis
    - Proto-Slavic: *plěnà (see there for further descendants)
- *pél-en-(e)h₂ ~ *pl-én-(e)h₂[3][6][4]
  - Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    - Proto-Slavic: *pelenà (“diaper”), *pelna (see there for further descendants)
- *pel-nó-m[5][3]
  - Proto-Germanic: *fellą (“skin, hide”)[5] (see there for further descendants)
- *pl̥-n-eh₂
  - >? Proto-Italic: *palnā
    - >? Latin: palla (“a fine cloth”) (see there for further descendants)
- *pel-n-i-s[4][5]
  - Proto-Italic: *pelnis
    - Latin: pellis (“pelt, hide”) (see there for further descendants)
*pél-mn̥
- ⇒? *pel-mo-s
  - Proto-Germanic: *felmaz (“covering, skin, hide”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *felmô (< collective *pél-mō)
- Proto-Hellenic: *pélmə
  - Ancient Greek: πέλμᾰ (pélma, “sole (of the foot); stalk”)
    - Greek: πέλμα (pélma)
*pél-sḱo-s
- Proto-Albanian: *plaska
  - Albanian: plah (“to cover”, denominative)
*pél-trom
- >? Proto-Celtic: *ɸletrom (“skin, hide; leather”) (with vowel metathesis)
  - Proto-Brythonic: *lledr (see there for further descendants)
  - Middle Irish: lethar
  - →? Proto-Germanic: *leþrą (“leather”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Balto-Slavic:
- Lithuanian: palà (“linen kerchief”)

Extensions

*pel-k-
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Old Prussian: pelkis (“cloak”)
- >? Proto-Germanic: *felhaną (“to hide, conceal; to bury; to adhere”) (see there for further descendants)
*pel-t-
- ⇒? *polto- (or substantivized from *pol-to-)
  - Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    - ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *poltьno (“linen”) (see there for further descendants)
- >? Ancient Greek: πέλτη (péltē) (via Thracian?) (see there for further descendants)
*pl-ew- (or a u-variant of *pleh₂-?)[7]
- ⇒ *plēw-eh₂
  - ⇒? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *plēwāˀ (“membrane”)
    - Lithuanian: plėvė̃
    - Proto-Slavic: *plěva (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ *h₁epi-plow-yo-m
  - >? Proto-Hellenic: *epiplóyyon
    - Ancient Greek: ἐπίπλοον (epíploon) (see there for further descendants)
⇒? *pl-eh₂- or *pel-h₂-
- ⇒ *pleh₂-s-o-s
  - Proto-Anatolian:
    - >? Hittite: 𒉺𒆷𒄴𒊭𒀸 (pa-la-aḫ-ša-aš, “a garment”) (or from *pleh₂- (“wide, broad, flat”))[8]
- ⇒ *pélh₂-t-^?
  - Proto-Hellenic:
    - >? Ancient Greek: *πέλας (*pélas) (or from Pre-Greek)
      - >? Ancient Greek: ἐρυσίπελας (erusípelas) (+ *h₁rewdʰ-ti-^?) (see there for further descendants)

Root

*pel- (perhaps the same as the above)

to fold

Extensions

*pleḱ-

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *pel- (fold)‎ (6 c, 0 e)

*pl-okos
- Proto-Iranian: *frakah
  - Parthian: (/⁠-frag⁠/, “-fold”)
    Manichaean script: -𐫜𐫡𐫃 (-frg) (e.g. 𐫅𐫇𐫜𐫡𐫃 (dwfrg /⁠dōfrag⁠/, “two-fold”) )
  - Classical Persian: پر (-pirr)
    Iranian Persian: پر (-per(r)), پل (-pel, “-fold”) (e.g. in Shushtari dialect (dôper, “two-fold”)) [9]
*pl-o-
- Proto-Hellenic: *-plós
  - Ancient Greek: -πλός (-plós) (e.g. ἁπλός (haplós), διπλός (diplós))
- Proto-Italic: *-plos
  - Latin: -plus (e.g. simplus, duplus)
*pé-pl-os (reduplicated thematic noun)
- Proto-Hellenic: *péplos
  - >? Ancient Greek: πέπλος (péplos, “woven cloth, fabric, carpet”)
*pel-t-
- Proto-Germanic: *falþaną
*pl̥-t-o-
- Proto-Celtic: *ɸaltom (“joint”)
  - Old Irish: alt
    - Irish: alt
    - Scottish Gaelic: alt
⇒ *pl̥-h₂-t-yo-
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: -πλάσιος (-plásios), -πλήσιος (-plḗsios) (e.g. τριπλάσιος (triplásios))
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Albanian: *palā
  - Albanian: palë
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: -πλόος (-plóos), -πλοῦς (-ploûs) (e.g. ἁπλόος (haplóos), ἁπλοῦς (haploûs), διπλόος (diplóos), διπλοῦς (diploûs))

Root

*pel-

to beat, push, drive

Extensions

*pel-d-
- *pel-d
  - Proto-West Germanic: *felt (see there for further descendants)
*pel-em-
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πελεμίζω (pelemízō)
*pel-h₂-

*pl-eh₂-k-
- *pl-(e)h₂-k-ye-ti
  - Proto-Hellenic: *plāťťō
    - Ancient Greek: πλήσσω (plḗssō)
    - Attic Greek: πλήττω (plḗttō)
      - → Greek: πλήττω (plítto)
  - Proto-Balto-Slavic: *plā́ˀktei
    - Proto-Slavic: *plakati (see there for further descendants)
- *pl-eh₂-k-tro-
  - Proto-Hellenic: *plā́ktrom
    - Ancient Greek: πλᾶκτρον (plâktron), πλῆκτρον (plêktron) (see there for further descendants)

*pl-eh₂-g-
- *pleh₂-g-e-ti (thematic present)
  - Proto-Germanic: *flōkaną (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Italic: *plāgō
    - Latin: plāgō (see there for further descendants)
- *pl(e)h₂-n-g-e-ti
  - Proto-Italic: *plāngō
    - Latin: plangō (see there for further descendants)
- *pl(e)h₂-g-ye-ti
  - Proto-Hellenic: *plā́ďďō
    - Ancient Greek: πλάζω (plázō)
- *pl(e)h₂-g-éh₂
  - Proto-Albanian: *plāgā[10]
    - Albanian: plojë (“bloodshed, carnage”)
  - Proto-Hellenic: *plāgā́ (“slaughter”)
    - Ancient Greek: πλαγά (plagá), πληγή (plēgḗ, “blow (of a weapon)”)
  - Proto-Italic: *plāgā
    - Latin: plāga (“blow; slaughter; plague, misfortune”) (see there for further descendants)
- Unsorted formations:
  - >? Proto-Germanic: *flekkaz (“mark, spot, blemish”) (see there for further descendants)
  - >? Proto-Germanic: *flekkô (see there for further descendants)

*pl-eh₁-k-t-
- *pl-éh₁-k-t-e-ti
  - Proto-Italic: *plēktō
    - Latin: plēctō

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *pel- (beat)‎ (3 c, 0 e)

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *pel- (drive)‎ (1 c, 0 e)

*pol-ye-ti
- Proto-Italic: *poljō
  - Latin: poliō
*pol-eh₂-yé-ti
- Proto-Italic: *polāō
  - Latin: (inter)polō
*pl̥-yé-ti
- Proto-Hellenic: *pə́ľľō
  - Ancient Greek: πάλλω (pállō)
*pl̥-né-ti ~ *pl̥-n-énti
- Proto-Italic: *pelnō
  - Latin: pellō
*pl̥-tós
- Proto-Hellenic: *plətós
  - Ancient Greek: παλτός (paltós) (by analogy to πάλλω)
- Proto-Italic: *poltos
  - ⇒ Latin: pultō
Unsorted formations:
- Ancient Greek: πόλεμος (pólemos) (perhaps)

Root

*pel- (perhaps related to the above root, i.e. resulting from beating)

flour, dust

Derived terms

Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πάλη (pálē)
  - Ancient Greek: πόλτος (póltos)
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: puls
  - Latin: pulvis
  - Latin: pollen
- Proto-Slavic: *pylъ
  - Polish: pył
  - Polish: pyłek
  - Polish: pylić
  - Polish: pylenie
  - Polish: pylnik

Root

*pel-[11]

alternative reconstruction of *pelH- (“pale, gray”)

References

Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*fella-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 135
De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “pellis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 455
Derksen, Rick (2015) “plėnė”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 365: “*pl-ēn-”
De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “pellis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 455: “*pelni-”
Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*fella-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 135: “*pel-nó-”
Derksen, Rick (2008) “*pelenà; *pelna”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 394
Derksen, Rick (2008) “*plěva”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 405
Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “^(TÚG)palaḫša-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 619
, "دوپر" in Dehkhoda Dictionary.
Orel, Vladimir E. (2000) A concise historical grammar of the Albanian language: reconstruction of Proto-Albanian‎, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page ploje
Kroonen, Guus (2013) “falwa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
Julius Pokorny (1959), Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, in 3 vols, Bern, München: Francke Verlag

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[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*fella-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 135

[2] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “pellis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 455

[Derksen2015-3] Derksen, Rick (2015) “plėnė”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 365: “*pl-ēn-”

[DeVaan-4] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “pellis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 455: “*pelni-”

[Kroonen-5] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*fella-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 135: “*pel-nó-”

[Derksen2008-6] Derksen, Rick (2008) “*pelenà; *pelna”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 394

[7] Derksen, Rick (2008) “*plěva”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 405

[8] Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “^(TÚG)palaḫša-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 619

[9] , "دوپر" in Dehkhoda Dictionary.

[10] Orel, Vladimir E. (2000) A concise historical grammar of the Albanian language: reconstruction of Proto-Albanian‎, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page ploje

[11] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “falwa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN