擬

See also: 儗 and 拟

擬	U+64EC, 擬 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-64EC

← 擫
[U+64EB]

CJK Unified Ideographs

擭 →
[U+64ED]

Translingual

Han character

擬 (Kangxi radical 64, 手+14, 17 strokes, cangjie input 手心大人 (QPKO), four-corner 5708₁, composition ⿰扌疑)

Related characters

拟 (Simplified Chinese)

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 460, character 17
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 12870
Dae Jaweon: page 809, character 6
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1975, character 4
Unihan data for U+64EC

Chinese

trad.		擬
simp.		拟
alternative forms		儗／拟

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (疑) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
礙	*ŋɯːs
儗	ŋɯːs, hŋɯːs, ŋɯʔ, ŋɯs
懝	ŋɯːs, ŋɯɡ
譺	ŋrɯːs, ŋɯʔ, *ŋɯs
癡	*ŋ̊ʰl'ɯ
疑	*ŋɯ
嶷	ŋɯ, ŋɯɡ
觺	*ŋɯ
擬	*ŋɯʔ
薿	ŋɯʔ, ŋɯɡ
凝	ŋrɯŋ, ŋrɯŋs

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋɯʔ) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 疑 (OC *ŋɯ).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): nǐ (ni³)

(Zhuyin): ㄋㄧˇ
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): ji⁵, ji⁴

(Taishan, Wiktionary): ngei⁴
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): ngí

(Meixian, Guangdong): ngi³
Eastern Min (BUC): ngī
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): gí

(Teochew, Peng'im): ngi²
Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): ⁶gni

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: nǐ
  - Zhuyin: ㄋㄧˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: nǐ
  - Wade–Giles: ni³
  - Yale: nǐ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: nii
  - Palladius: ни (ni)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ni²¹⁴/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: ji⁵, ji⁴
  - Yale: yíh, yìh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: ji⁵, ji⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: yi⁵, yi⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jiː¹³/, /jiː²¹/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: ngei⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ᵑɡei²¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngí
  - Hakka Romanization System: ngi`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ngi³
  - Sinological IPA: /ŋi³¹/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: ngi³
  - Sinological IPA: /ŋi³¹/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: ngī
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋi³³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gí
  - Tâi-lô: gí
  - Phofsit Daibuun: gie
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɡi⁴¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /ɡi⁵³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /ɡi⁵⁵⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: ngi²
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ngí
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋi⁵²/
Wu
- (Shanghai):
  - Wugniu: ⁶gni
  - MiniDict: nyi^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³nyi
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /n̠ʲi²³/

Middle Chinese: ngiX

Rime
Character	擬
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	疑 (31)
Final (韻)	之 (19)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	魚紀切
Baxter	ngiX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ŋɨ^X/
Pan Wuyun	/ŋɨ^X/
Shao Rongfen	/ŋie^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ŋɨ^X/
Li Rong	/ŋiə^X/
Wang Li	/ŋĭə^X/
Bernard Karlgren	/ŋi^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yǐ
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ji⁵

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[ŋ](r)əʔ/

(Zhengzhang): /*ŋɯʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	擬
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	nǐ
Middle Chinese	‹ ngi^X ›
Old Chinese	/*[ŋ](r)əʔ/ (< uvular)
English	estimate, calculate
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	擬
Reading #	1/1
No.	14897
Phonetic component	疑
Rime group	之
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	擬
Old Chinese	/*ŋɯʔ/

Definitions

擬

to compare
to imitate; to copy; to emulate; to mimic
to plan; to propose
to draft; to devise; to draw up
to presuppose; to hypothesise; to assert

Synonyms

(to compare):

例 (lì) (literary, or in compounds)
對比／对比 (duìbǐ)
對照／对照 (duìzhào)
比並／比并 (bī-piâng) (Eastern Min)
比對／比对 (bǐduì)
比擬／比拟 (bǐnǐ)
比照 (bǐzhào)
比較／比较
視／视 (shì) (archaic)
進行比較／进行比较 (jìnxíng bǐjiào)

(to imitate):

仿效 (fǎngxiào)
仿照 (fǎngzhào)
效仿 (xiàofǎng)
模仿 (mófǎng)
模擬／模拟 (mónǐ)
臨摹／临摹 (línmó) (a model of calligraphy, painting, etc.)
規矩／规矩 (guījǔ) (literary)

(to plan):

作計／作计 (zuòjì) (literary)
打算 (dǎsuàn)
拍算 (phah-sǹg) (Hokkien, Teochew)
拍達／拍达 (Xiamen Hokkien)
按算 (Hokkien)
派胚 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
準備／准备 (zhǔnbèi)
營為／营为 (Hokkien)
盤算／盘算
策劃／策划 (cèhuà)
策動／策动 (cèdòng)
算 (suàn)
算打 (sáung-dā) (Eastern Min)
算計／算计 (suànjì)
籌劃／筹划 (chóuhuà)
考慮／考虑 (kǎolǜ)
規／规 (literary, or in compounds)
規劃／规划 (guīhuà)
計劃／计划 (jìhuà)
計算／计算 (jìsuàn)
設／设 (shè)
設施／设施 (shèshī) (literary)
試圖／试图 (shìtú)
謀劃／谋划 (móuhuà)

(to draft):

草創／草创 (cǎochuàng) (literary)
草擬／草拟 (cǎonǐ)
起草 (qǐcǎo)

(to presuppose):

估計／估计 (gūjì)
估量
假定 (jiǎdìng)
假想 (jiǎxiǎng)
假設／假设 (jiǎshè)
商量 (shāngliàng) (Classical Chinese)
嫌 (xián) (literary, or in compounds)
忖度 (cǔnduó) (literary)
思裁 (sīcái) (literary)
想象 (xiǎngxiàng)
懸／悬 (xuán) (literary, or in compounds)
懸想／悬想 (xuánxiǎng)
懷疑／怀疑 (huáiyí)
打估 (Southern Pinghua)
推想 (tuīxiǎng)
推測／推测 (tuīcè)
掠算 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien)
揣度 (formal)
母量 (mu³ liong) (Gan)
派胚 (Hokkien)
測／测 (cè) (literary, or in compounds)
測估／测估 (cègū)
測度／测度 (cèduó)
測算／测算 (cèsuàn)
猜 (cāi)
猜度 (cāiduó)
猜想 (cāixiǎng)
猜摸 (cāimo)
猜料 (cāiliào)
猜測／猜测 (cāicè)
猜詳／猜详 (cāixiáng)
算 (suàn)
算計／算计 (suànjì)
約摸／约摸 (yuēmo)
臭疑 (Hokkien)
臭青疑 (Hokkien)
虛擬／虚拟 (xūnǐ)
要約／要约 (iau³ ieh⁴) (Jin)
設／设 (shè)
設想／设想 (shèxiǎng)
跋胚 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
辦胚／办胚 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
阿合 (Quanzhou Hokkien, Xiamen Hokkien)
青疑 (Hokkien)
預計／预计 (yùjì)

Compounds

不擬／不拟
仿擬／仿拟
准擬
原擬／原拟
如擬／如拟
懸擬／悬拟
摹擬／摹拟 (mónǐ)
擬人／拟人 (nǐrén)
擬人化／拟人化 (nǐrénhuà)
擬人法／拟人法
擬作／拟作
擬具／拟具
擬古／拟古 (nǐgǔ)
擬合／拟合 (nǐhé)
擬妥／拟妥
擬定／拟定 (nǐdìng)
擬就／拟就
擬核／拟核 (nǐhé)
擬稿／拟稿 (nǐgǎo)
擬經／拟经
擬聲詞／拟声词 (nǐshēngcí)
擬規畫圓／拟规画圆
擬訂／拟订 (nǐdìng)
擬設／拟设
擬請／拟请
擬議／拟议 (nǐyì)
擬辦／拟办
擬音／拟音 (nǐyīn)
擬題／拟题
構擬／构拟 (gòunǐ)
模擬／模拟 (mónǐ)
模擬器／模拟器 (mónǐqì)
模擬投票／模拟投票
模擬演習／模拟演习
模擬考試／模拟考试
比擬／比拟 (bǐnǐ)
準擬／准拟 (zhǔnnǐ)
滿擬／满拟
無可比擬／无可比拟 (wúkěbǐnǐ)
研擬／研拟 (yánnǐ)
草擬／草拟 (cǎonǐ)
虛擬／虚拟 (xūnǐ)
虛擬主機／虚拟主机
虛擬實境／虚拟实境
虛擬樣品／虚拟样品
虛擬空間／虚拟空间 (xūnǐ kōngjiān)
虛擬站／虚拟站
虛擬診所／虚拟诊所

References

“擬”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

擬

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

mimic, imitate
guess, suspect
pseudo-, mock-

Readings

Go-on: ご (go)
Kan-on: ぎ (gi, Jōyō)
Kun: まがい (magai, 擬); もどく (modoku, 擬く); なぞらえる (nazoraeru, 擬える); はかる (hakaru, 擬る)

Compounds

擬(ぎ)薬(やく) (giyaku, “placebo”)
模(も)擬(ぎ) (mogi, “mock”)

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 擬 (MC ngiX).

Historical readings
Recorded as Middle Korean ᅌᅴᆼ〯 (Yale: ngǔy) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448. Recorded as Middle Korean 의 (uy) (Yale: uy) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

Pronunciation

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ɰi]
Phonetic hangul: [의]

Hanja

Wikisource 擬 (eumhun 비길 의 (bigil ui))

Hanja form^? of 의 (“to compare”).
Hanja form^? of 의 (“to imitate; to emulate”).

Compounds

모의 (模擬, moui, “imitation; simulation”)
의성 (擬聲, uiseong, “imitation sound”)
의성어 (擬聲語, uiseong'eo, “onomatopoeia”)
의태어 (擬態語, uitaeeo, “ideophone”)
의인 (擬人, uiin, “personification”)
의인화 (擬人化, uiinhwa, “anthropomorphization”)

References

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

擬: Hán Nôm readings: nghĩ, nghỉ

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