瓜

See also: 爪
瓜 U+74DC, 瓜
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-74DC
← 瓛
[U+74DB] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 瓝 →
[U+74DD]
⽠ U+2F60, ⽠
KANGXI RADICAL MELON
← ⽟
[U+2F5F] 		Kangxi Radicals ⽡ →
[U+2F61]

Translingual
Stroke order

Han character

瓜 (Kangxi radical 97, 瓜+0, 5 strokes in Chinese, 6 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 竹女戈人 (HVIO), four-corner 72230, composition ⿸𠂆⿰厶㇏ or ⿻𤓰丶)

  1. Kangxi radical #97, ⽠.

Derived characters

References
  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 746, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 21371
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1154, character 14
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2654, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+74DC

Chinese
trad. 瓜
simp. # 瓜
alternative forms 苽

Glyph origin
Historical forms of the character 瓜
Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (瓜) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
瓜 *kʷraː
坬 *kʷraːs
窊 *qʷraː, *qʷraːs
畖 *qʷraː
搲 *qʷraːs
攨 *qʷraːs
孤 *kʷaː
苽 *kʷaː
胍 *kʷaː
泒 *kʷaː
呱 *kʷaː
觚 *kʷaː
柧 *kʷaː
罛 *kʷaː
軱 *kʷaː
菰 *kʷaː
箛 *kʷaː
狐 *ɡʷaː
弧 *ɡʷlaː

Pictogram (象形) - a pictograph of a melon suspended by its vines.

Etymology 1

Etymology not clear (Schuessler, 2007).

Possibly a borrowing from Proto-Hmong-Mien *klˠa (“cucumber”) (Ostapirat, 2016).

Pronunciation

Note:
  • Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Taiwan:
    • koe - vernacular;
    • koa - literary.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 瓜
Mandarin Beijing /kua⁵⁵/
Harbin /kua⁴⁴/
Tianjin /kuɑ²¹/
Jinan /kua²¹³/
Qingdao /kua²¹³/
Zhengzhou /kua²⁴/
Xi'an /kua²¹/
Xining /kua⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /kua⁴⁴/
Lanzhou /kua³¹/
Ürümqi /kua⁴⁴/
Wuhan /kua⁵⁵/
Chengdu /kua⁵⁵/
Guiyang /kua⁵⁵/
Kunming /kua̠⁴⁴/
Nanjing /kuɑ³¹/
Hefei /kua²¹/
Jin Taiyuan /kua¹¹/
Pingyao /kuɑ¹³/
Hohhot /kua³¹/
Wu Shanghai /ko⁵³/
/kua⁵³/
Suzhou /ko⁵⁵/
Hangzhou /kuɑ³³/
Wenzhou /kuo³³/
Hui Shexian /kua³¹/
Tunxi /kuːə¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /kua³³/
Xiangtan /kuɒ³³/
Gan Nanchang /kuɑ⁴²/
Hakka Meixian /kua⁴⁴/
Taoyuan /kuɑ²⁴/
Cantonese Guangzhou /kwa⁵⁵/
Nanning /kʷa⁵⁵/
Hong Kong /kwa⁵⁵/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /kua⁵⁵/
/kue⁵⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /kua⁴⁴/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /kua⁵⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /kue³³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /kue²³/
Rime
Character 瓜
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 麻 (99)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) II
Fanqie 古華切
Baxter kwae
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /kˠua/
Pan
Wuyun		 /kʷᵚa/
Shao
Rongfen		 /kua/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /kwaɨ/
Li
Rong		 /kua/
Wang
Li		 /kwa/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /kwa/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 guā
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		 gwaa1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 瓜
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 guā
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ kwæ ›
Old
Chinese		 /*kʷˁra/
English melon, gourd

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 瓜
Reading # 1/1
No. 4340
Phonetic
component		 瓜
Rime
group		 魚
Rime
subdivision		 0
Corresponding
MC rime		 瓜
Old
Chinese		 /*kʷraː/

Definitions

瓜

  1. melon; gourd; squash
    西瓜  ―  xīguā  ―  watermelon
    南瓜  ―  nánguā  ―  pumpkin
    冬瓜  ―  dōngguā  ―  winter melon
  2. (Mainland China, slang, neologism) storyful news
    今年最大的瓜  ―  jīnnián zuìdà de guā  ―  the most storyful news this year
    See also: 吃瓜
  3. (Singapore, colloquial) fellow; dude
  4. a surname

Compounds

Descendants
  • → Bouyei: gval
  • → Zhuang: gve

Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “related to Mandarin 掛 'to die'?”)

Pronunciation

Definitions

瓜

  1. (Wuhan Mandarin, Cantonese, Xiang, humorous) to die
Synonyms
  • (to die):
Dialectal synonyms of 死 (“to die”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 死, 亡, 歿, 卒
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 死, 死亡, 亡故, 喪生, 喪命, 去世 †, 過世 †, 逝世 †, 離世 †, 下世 †, 不在 †, 過去 †, 仙逝 †, 歸天 †, 歸西 †, 升天 †, 作古 †, 長眠 †, 閉眼 †, 故去 †, ‡, 故世 †, ‡, 一命嗚呼
Mandarin Beijing 死, 故去 †, 老 †, ‡, 踹腿 ¤, 踹腿兒 ¤, 踹 ¤, 回姥姥家 ¤, 毛兒提 Hui
Taiwan 死, 過世 †
Harbin 死, 老 †, ‡, 伸腿兒 ¤, 伸腿 ¤, 蹬腿兒 ¤, 奔兒咕 ¤, 桿兒屁 §, 桿兒細 §, 吹燈拔蠟
Yantai (Muping) 死, 老 †, ‡, 上西天 §
Jinan 死, 歿, 過去 †, 老 †, ‡, 不在 †, ‡, 王八 §, 完蛋, 完錢, 完活, 無常 Hui, 歸主 Hui, 歸真 Hui
Luoyang 死, 過去, 過世, 下世, 亡故, 不在, 升天, 去世 †, 老 †, ‡, 擱那兒 ¤
Wanrong 死, 歿, 老 †, ‡
Xi'an 死, 不在 †, 老 †, ‡, 無常 Hui
Yinchuan 死, 走 †, 歿 Hui, 歸真 Hui, 冒提 Hui, 口喚 Hui, 無常 Hui, 完 Hui
Lanzhou 死, 過世 †, 緩下 †, 躺下 †
Xining 歿
Ürümqi 死, 過世 †, 不在 †
Wuhan 死, 過身 †, 去 †, 老 †, ‡, 去回 ¤, 翹辮子 ¤, 翹 ¤, 瓜碼子 ¤, 瓜 ¤, 西皮
Chengdu 死, 過去 †, 不在 †, 去 †, 過世 †, 老 †, ‡, 撬桿兒 §, 撬桿 §, 翹辮子 §, 見馬克思, 歸天, 去陰國, 爬高煙囪, 落氣, 冰凊, 沒脈
Guiyang 死, 過世 †, 成神 †, ‡, 百年歸天 †, ‡, 嗚呼 ¤
Liuzhou 死, 沒得脈, 過世 †, 過身 †, 沒在 †, 哦嚄
Yangzhou 死, 不在 †, 走 †, 家去吃去 ¤, 家去 ¤, 翹辮子 ¤, 翹 ¤, 駝條 §
Nanjing 死, 過世 †, 歸天 †, ‡, 不在 †, 嗝兒得 ¤, 翹辮子 ¤
Hefei 死, 不在 †, 老 †
Singapore 死, 死掉, 死翹翹, 過世 †, 去世 †, 上天堂 †, 賣鹹鴨蛋 †
Cantonese Guangzhou 死, 過身 †, 過世 †, 老 †, ‡, 百年歸老 †, ‡, 去別有天 †, ¤, 去大煙筒 †, ¤, 瓜 ¤, 瓜老襯 ¤, 收檔 ¤, 攞竇 ¤, 進竇 §, 瓜竇, 直, 瓜直, 死直, 攤直, 雙腳撐直, 伸直腳, 拉柴, 瓜柴, 褸席, 歸西, 歸天, 食黃泥, 入黃泥窿, 入窿, 玩完, 嫌米貴, 瞇埋眼, 一 argot
Hong Kong 死, 過身 †, 走 †, 香 †, 去 †, 唔喺度 †, 百年歸老 †, 賣鹹鴨蛋 †, 兩腳一伸 †, 仙遊 †, 拜拜 †, 去閻羅王處報到 †, 瓜 ¤, 瓜老襯 ¤, 拉柴, 瓜柴, 釘蓋, 釘, 直, 歸西, 玩完, ham
Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) 過身
Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) 過身
Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 過身, 死
Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 過身
Macau 過身, 去
Guangzhou (Panyu) 過身, 死
Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 死
Guangzhou (Conghua) 過身, 死
Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 去歸, 過身
Foshan 過身, 死
Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 死, 過身
Foshan (Shunde) 過身
Foshan (Sanshui) 過身
Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 死
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 過身
Zhuhai (Qianshan) 死
Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka) 過身, 死
Zhuhai (Doumen) 死, 過身
Jiangmen (Baisha) 過身, 死
Jiangmen (Xinhui) 死, 過身
Taishan 死, 善, 去
Kaiping (Chikan) 死, 登仙
Enping (Niujiang) 過身, 死
Heshan (Yayao) 死
Dongguan 死, 老 †, 去返 †, 去舊時嗰處 †, 視埋眼 †, 伸直腳 †, 入罌 †, 拉柴 §, 去大煙筒 §
Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 死, 過身
Yangjiang 死, 過輩 †, 老 †, ‡, 老大 †, ‡
Singapore (Guangfu) 死, 過身 †
Gan Nanchang 死, 過世 †, 老 †
Lichuan 死
Pingxiang 死, 過 †, 走路 †, 老 †, ‡, 去
Hakka Meixian 死, 老, 過身 †, 消 †, 老壽 †, ‡
Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) 過身, 香 †
Dongguan (Qingxi) 過身, 死
Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 死, 過身
Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 死
Conghua (Lütian) 死, 過身
Yudu 死, 過世 †, 過套 †, 過身 †, 轉去 †, 轉該背 †, 歸仙 †, 轉老外婆裡 ¤
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 死, 過身 †, 往生 †
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 死, 過身 †, 往生 †
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 死, 過身 †, 往生 †
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 死, 過身 †, 往生 †
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 死, 過身 †, 往生 †
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 死, 過身 †
Hong Kong 過身, 老
Huizhou Jixi 死, 過世 †, 過輩 †, 過身 †, 不在 †, 過老 §, 過邊 §, 進棺材 §, 進風水 §, 翹扁 §, ¤
Jin Taiyuan 死, 沒啦 †, 走 †, 過去 †, 老 †, ‡, 老客 †, ‡
Xinzhou 死, 回老家 †, 硬 §, 㞗朝天 of a man, vulgar, 倒蕎麥皮
Northern Min Jian'ou 死, 過身 †, 老 †, ‡
Eastern Min Fuzhou 死, 過去 †, 過世 †, 過後 †, 歸西 †, 百歲 †, 老去 †, ‡, 堯街去 ¤, 堯生去 ¤, 溜翹 ¤, 殂 ¤, 去算米數 ¤, 去外媽食齋 ¤, 去外媽 ¤, 去䁐廬山 ¤, 去厝去 ¤, 睏長暝眠 ¤, 翹齋 ¤, 揭兜去 ¤, 拔直去 ¤, 上天去 ¤, 生去 ¤, 𣪟去 ¤, 䁐松柏樹 ¤, 䁐松柏 ¤, 轉祖 §
Southern Min Xiamen 死, 過身 †, 過氣 †, 百歲 †, 百年 †, 百歲年老 †, 行去 †, 無去 †, 㾀 †, 老去 †, ‡, 老咯 †, ‡, 蟯 ¤, 蟯歹 ¤, 蟯癱 ¤, 行雞 ¤, 馬滴 §
Quanzhou 死, 過身 †, 過氣 †, 百歲 †, 百年 †, 無去 †, 老去 †, ‡, 老咯 †, ‡, 行雞 ¤, 馬滴 §
Zhangzhou 死, 過身 †, 過氣 †, 百歲 †, 百年 †, 百歲年老 †, 行去 †, 無去 †, 起身 †, 老去 †, ‡, 老咯 †, ‡, 蟯 ¤, 蟯歹 ¤, 蟯癱 ¤, 行雞 ¤, 誆牽 §, 㾀 §, 㾀歹 §, 馬滴 §
Taipei 死去, 老 †, 過身 †
New Taipei (Sanxia) 死去, 老去 †, 往生 †, 過身 †
Kaohsiung 死去, 老去 †, 行去 †, 往生 †, 無佇咧 †, 過身 †, 轉去 †
Yilan 死去, 老去 †, 往生 †, 無佇咧 †, 過身 †, 過往 †
Changhua (Lukang) 死去, 老 †, 無去 †, 過身 †, 轉去 †
Taichung 死去, 往生 †, 過身 †
Tainan 死去, 老去 †, 行去 †, 往生 †, 無佇咧 †, 過身 †, 轉去 †
Hsinchu 曲去, 去咯 †, 往生 †, 過身 †, 老去 †
Kinmen 死去, 往生 †, 過身 †, 行去 †
Penghu (Magong) 死去, 往生 †, 過身 †, 老去 †
Singapore (Hokkien) 死, 馬滴, 死翹翹, 過身 †, 百年 †, 百歲 †, 過氣 †, 起車 †, 老去 †, 老咯 †, 行去 †, 蟯去 †, 吭跤翹 †, 交登記 †
Manila (Hokkien) 死, 死去, 過面 †, 過身 †
Chaozhou 死, 過身 †, 過世 †
Jieyang 過身, 吭跤翹, 吭翹
Singapore (Teochew) 死, 過身
Leizhou 死, 過世 †, 過輩 †, 過目焗 ¤, 直筒 §, 刮薯減米 §
Haikou 死, 過層 †, ‡, 老 †, ‡, 貓使 §
Singapore (Hainanese) 死
Zhongshan Min Shaxi (Longdu) 死
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 死, 瓜老襯, 過世, 歸西
Wu Shanghai 死, 故 †, 過世 †, 嘸沒 †, 一腳去 †, 翹辮子 §, ¤, 彈老三 §, 翹老三 §
Shanghai (Chongming) 死, 老 †, 故 †, 翹辮子 ¤
Suzhou 死, 壞, 去, 過世 †, 翹辮子 §
Danyang 死
Hangzhou 死, 故 †, 過世 †, 翹辮兒 ¤, 到龍駒塢去
Ningbo 死, 翹辮子 §, 過世 †, 嘸沒 †, 死脫 §, 燂茶, 山裡去, 吃豆腐羹, 嘸沒來的 †, 老 †
Wenzhou 死, 冇 †, 過輩 †, ‡, 蹻 ¤
Jinhua 死, 過世 †, 過輩 †, 弗在 †, 老 †, ‡
Xiang Changsha 死, 過 †, 去 †, 瓜, 彈, 彈四郎
Loudi 死, 過世 †, 故 †, 上岸 †
Shuangfeng 死, 過世 †, 故 †
Note † - euphemistic; ‡ - usually of the elderly; ¤ - humorous; § - derogatory/disrespectful

Compounds

Japanese

Kanji
瓜

(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names)

  1. gourd, squash, melon

Readings

Compounds

Etymology
Kanji in this term
瓜
うり
Jinmeiyō
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *ori. Found in the Man'yōshū, compiled some time after 759 CE.

Possibly derived as the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of classical verb 熟る (uru), modern form 熟れる (ureru, “to ripen”).

Possibly cognate with Korean 오이 (oi, “cucumber”); compare other terms in the Japonic family, such as Kikai 瓜 (ui) and Yoron 瓜 (ui).

Pronunciation

Noun

瓜(うり) or 瓜(ウリ) • (uri) 

  1. gourd, squash, melon

Usage notes

As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as ウリ.

Derived terms

Idioms
Idioms
  • 瓜(うり)の蔓(つる)には茄子(なすび)はならぬ (uri no tsuru ni wa nasubi wa naranu): “an eggplant won't grow on a gourd vine” → like father, like son, or the apple does not fall far from the tree
  • 瓜(うり)を二(ふた)つに割(わ)ったよう (uri o futatsu ni watta yō), 瓜(うり)を二(ふた)つに割(わ)りたる如(ごと)し (uri o futatsu ni waritaru gotoshi): “like a gourd split in two” → like two peas in a pod
  • 瓜二(うりふた)つ (uri futatsu): “two gourds” → like two peas in a pod
  • 瓜(うり)を二(ふた)つに割(わ)らずそのまま (uri o futatsu ni warazu sono mama): “like a gourd that hasn't even been split in two” → like two peas in a pod, more emphatically

References
  1. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Kikai

Kanji
瓜

(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names)

Etymology

Cognate with Japanese 瓜(うり) (uri, “gourd, squash, melon”).

Noun

瓜(うい) (ui) 

  1. gourd

Compounds
  • 胡瓜 (きうい, kiui, “cucumber”)

Korean

Hanja

瓜 (eumhun 오이 과 (oi gwa))

  1. cucumber

Miyako

Kanji
瓜

(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names)

Etymology

Cognate with Japanese 瓜(うり) (uri, “gourd, squash, melon”), possibly cognate with Korean 오이 (oi).

Noun

瓜(うーㇲ゙) (ūdz) 

  1. melon
  2. gourd

Okinawan

Kanji
瓜

(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names)

Readings

Etymology
Kanji in this term
瓜
うい
Jinmeiyō
kun’yomi

Cognate with Japanese 瓜(うり) (uri, “gourd, squash, melon”), possibly cognate with Korean 오이 (oi).

Noun

瓜(うい) (ui) 

  1. melon
  2. gourd

Tày

Noun

瓜 (qua)

  1. Nôm form of qua (“melon”).

Vietnamese

Han character

瓜: Hán Việt readings: qua[1][2][3]
瓜: Nôm readings: qua[3][4][5], dưa[1][6], co[1]

  1. chữ Hán form of qua (“melon”).
  2. Nôm form of dưa (“melon”).

Compounds

References
  1. Nguyễn (2014).
  2. Trần (2004).
  3. Bonet (1899).
  4. Génibrel (1898).
  5. Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
  6. Hồ (1976).

Yoron

Kanji
瓜

(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names)

Etymology

Cognate with Japanese 瓜(うり) (uri, “gourd, squash, melon”).

Noun

瓜(うい) (ui) 

  1. cucumber, gourd
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