牙

牙 U+7259, 牙
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7259
← 牘
[U+7258] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 牚 →
[U+725A]
⽛ U+2F5B, ⽛
KANGXI RADICAL FANG
← ⽚
[U+2F5A] 		Kangxi Radicals ⽜ →
[U+2F5C]

Translingual
Stroke order

Han character

牙 (Kangxi radical 92, 牙+0, 4 strokes, cangjie input 一女木竹 (MVDH), four-corner 10240, composition ⿹⿻𠃋丁丿)

  1. Kangxi radical #92, ⽛.
  2. Shuowen Jiezi radical №39

Derived characters

References
  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 695, character 3
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 19909
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1108, character 6
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1419, character 8
  • Unihan data for U+7259

Chinese
trad. 牙
simp. # 牙

Glyph origin
Historical forms of the character 牙
Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (牙) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
邪 *ljaː, *laː
衺 *ljaː
牙 *ŋraː
芽 *ŋraː
齖 *ŋraː, *ŋraːs
呀 *ŋraː, *hŋraː
枒 *ŋraː, *ŋraːs
雅 *ŋraːʔ
厊 *ŋraːʔ
庌 *ŋraːʔ
訝 *ŋraːs
迓 *ŋraːs
砑 *ŋraːs
犽 *ŋraːs
疨 *hŋraː
岈 *hŋraː
谺 *hŋraː
颬 *hŋraː
鴉 *qraː
釾 *laː

Etymology

Norman and Mei (1976) propose that this was a substrate loan; cf. Proto-Vietic *ŋaː (“ivory”) (Vietnamese ngà), Proto-Tai *ŋaːᴬ (“tusk; ivory”) (Thai งา (ngaa)). Pulleyblank (1983) disagrees with their hypothesis and considers Old Chinese to be the donor of this Wanderwort instead.

STEDT provisionally sets up Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-ŋja (“tusk; tooth”), comparing it to Mizo ngho (“tusk; fang”), Manipuri ꯌꯥ (yaa, “tooth”), Mru [script needed] (hngou, “tooth”), Pa'o Karen [script needed] (tə́ʔ ŋà, “tooth”).

Hong Kong Cantonese neologism prefix
From 阿 (aa3).

Pronunciation

Note: ngaa4-2 - screw thread.
Note: ngāi - synaeresis of 牙齒 used alone or in some compounds.
Note:
  • gê/gêe - vernacular (“tooth; fang; ivory; broker”);
  • gâ - literary (“screw thread”).
    • Wu
      • (Shanghai)
        • Wugniu: 6nga; 6ya
        • MiniDict: nga去; ya去
        • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): 3nga; 3hhia
        • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ŋa²³/, /ɦia²³/
      • (Suzhou)
        • Wugniu: 2nga; 2ya
        • MiniDict: nga平; ya平
        • Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /ŋɑ²²³/, /ɦiɑ²²³/
    Note:
    • (Shanghainese) 6nga - colloquial;
    • (Shanghainese) 6ya - literary;
    • (Suzhounese) 2nga - colloquial;
    • (Suzhounese) 2ya - literary.
      • Xiang
        • (Changsha)
          • Wiktionary: nga2 / ia2
          • Sinological IPA (key): /ŋa̠¹³/, /i̯a̠¹³/
      Note:
      • nga2 - vernacular;
      • ia2 - literary.
    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 牙
    Mandarin Beijing /ia³⁵/
    Harbin /ia²⁴/
    Tianjin /iɑ⁴⁵/
    Jinan /ia⁴²/
    Qingdao /ia⁴²/
    Zhengzhou /ia⁴²/
    Xi'an /nia²⁴/
    Xining /ia²⁴/
    Yinchuan /ia⁵³/
    Lanzhou /ia⁵³/
    Ürümqi /ia⁵¹/
    Wuhan /ia²¹³/
    Chengdu /ia³¹/
    Guiyang /ia²¹/
    Kunming /ia̠³¹/
    Nanjing /iɑ²⁴/
    Hefei /ia⁵⁵/
    Jin Taiyuan /nia¹¹/
    /ia¹¹/
    Pingyao /ȵiɑ¹³/
    Hohhot /ia³¹/
    Wu Shanghai /ŋa²³/
    /ɦia²³/
    Suzhou /ŋɑ¹³/
    Hangzhou /ɦiɑ²¹³/
    Wenzhou /ŋo³¹/
    Hui Shexian /ŋa⁴⁴/
    Tunxi /ŋɔ⁴⁴/
    Xiang Changsha /ia¹³/
    /ŋa¹³/
    Xiangtan /ŋɒ¹²/
    Gan Nanchang /ŋɑ⁴⁵/
    Hakka Meixian /ŋa¹¹/
    Taoyuan /ŋɑ¹¹/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /ŋa²¹/
    Nanning /ŋa²¹/
    Hong Kong /ŋa²¹/
    Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /ga³⁵/
    /ge³⁵/
    Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /ŋa⁵³/
    Jian'ou (Northern Min) /ŋa³³/
    Shantou (Teochew) /ŋẽ⁵⁵/
    Haikou (Hainanese) /za³¹/
    /ŋɛ³¹/
    Rime
    Character 牙
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 疑 (31)
    Final (韻) 麻 (98)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) II
    Fanqie 五加切
    Baxter ngae
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang    		 /ŋˠa/
    Pan
    Wuyun    		 /ŋᵚa/
    Shao
    Rongfen    		 /ŋa/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank    		 /ŋaɨ/
    Li
    Rong    		 /ŋa/
    Wang
    Li    		 /ŋa/
    Bernard
    Karlgren    		 /ŋa/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex    		 yá
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex    		 ngaa4
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 牙
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)    		 yá
    Middle
    Chinese    		 ‹ ngæ ›
    Old
    Chinese    		 /*m-ɢˁ<r>a/
    English tooth

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 牙
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 14177
    Phonetic
    component    		 牙
    Rime
    group    		 魚
    Rime
    subdivision    		 0
    Corresponding
    MC rime    		 牙
    Old
    Chinese    		 /*ŋraː/

    Definitions

    牙

    1. (anatomy) tooth (Classifier: 隻／只 c; 棚 c)
      拔牙  ―  báyá  ―  to take out a tooth
      我牙疼。  ―  Wǒ yá téng.  ―  I have a toothache.
    2. (anatomy) ivory; tusk of elephant
      牙雕  ―  yádiāo  ―  ivory sculpture
    3. screw thread
    4. (literary, obsolete) to bite
    5. (obsolete) Alternative form of 衙 (“government office; yamen”)
    6. (obsolete) Alternative form of 芽 (yá, “to sprout”)
    7. (Hong Kong Cantonese, Internet slang, leetspeak, neologism) Prefix used in front of the surname or last character of someone’s given name to express familiarity or friendliness.
    8. (historical) broker

    Synonyms
    Dialectal synonyms of 牙齒 (“tooth”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Classical Chinese 齒
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 牙齒
    Mandarin Beijing 牙
    Taiwan 牙
    Harbin 牙
    Yantai (Muping) 牙
    Jinan 牙
    Luoyang 牙
    Wanrong 牙
    Xi'an 牙
    Yinchuan 牙
    Xining 牙
    Ürümqi 牙
    Wuhan 牙齒, 才調子
    Chengdu 牙齒
    Chongqing 牙齒, 牙巴
    Guiyang 牙齒
    Guilin 牙齒
    Liuzhou 牙齒
    Xuzhou 牙
    Yangzhou 牙子
    Xinghua 牙齒
    Hefei 牙, 牙齒
    Singapore 牙齒
    Olginsky (Mikhaylovka) 牙
    Cantonese Guangzhou 牙
    Hong Kong 牙
    Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) 牙
    Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) 牙
    Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 牙
    Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 牙
    Macau 牙
    Guangzhou (Panyu) 牙
    Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 牙
    Guangzhou (Conghua) 牙
    Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 牙
    Foshan 牙
    Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 牙
    Foshan (Shunde) 牙
    Foshan (Sanshui) 牙
    Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 牙
    Zhongshan (Shiqi) 牙
    Zhuhai (Qianshan) 牙
    Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka) 牙
    Zhuhai (Doumen) 牙
    Jiangmen (Baisha) 牙
    Jiangmen (Xinhui) 牙
    Taishan 牙
    Kaiping (Chikan) 牙
    Enping (Niujiang) 牙
    Heshan (Yayao) 牙
    Dongguan 牙
    Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 牙
    Qingyuan 牙
    Fogang 牙
    Yingde (Hanguang) 牙
    Yangshan 牙
    Lianshan (Butian) 牙齒
    Lianzhou (Qingshui Sihui) 牙齒
    Shaoguan 牙, 牙齒
    Shaoguan (Qujiang) 牙
    Renhua 牙齒
    Lechang 牙, 牙齒
    Zhaoqing (Gaoyao) 牙
    Sihui 牙
    Guangning 牙
    Deqing 牙
    Huaiji 牙
    Fengkai (Nanfeng) 牙
    Yunfu 牙
    Xinxing 牙
    Luoding 牙
    Yunan (Pingtai) 牙
    Yangjiang 牙
    Xinyi 牙齒
    Maoming (Xinpo) 牙
    Lianjiang 牙
    Nanning 牙齒, 牙
    Wuzhou 牙齒, 牙
    Yulin 牙齒, 牙
    Hepu (Lianzhou) 牙齒
    Guiping 牙齒
    Mengshan (Xihe) 牙齒
    Guigang (Nanjiang) 牙齒
    Beiliu (Tangliao) 牙齒
    Baise 牙齒
    Bobai 牙齒
    Lingshan 牙齒
    Pubei 牙齒
    Qinzhou 牙齒
    Beihai 牙齒
    Ningming 牙齒
    Hengzhou 牙齒
    Hezhou (Pumen) 牙齒
    Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 牙
    Singapore (Guangfu) 牙
    Gan Nanchang 牙齒
    Pingxiang 牙齒
    Hakka Meixian 牙齒
    Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) 牙
    Dongguan (Qingxi) 牙
    Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 牙齒
    Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 牙
    Wuhua (Huacheng) 牙齒
    Conghua (Lütian) 牙齒
    Yudu 牙齒
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 牙齒
    Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 牙齒
    Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 牙齒
    Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 牙齒
    Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 牙齒
    Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 牙, 牙齒
    Hong Kong 牙
    Senai (Huiyang) 牙
    Singapore (Dabu) 牙齒
    Huizhou Jixi 牙齒
    Jin Taiyuan 牙
    Xinzhou 牙
    Northern Min Jian'ou 牙齒
    Eastern Min Fuzhou 牙
    Changle 牙
    Fuqing 喙齒
    Yongtai 牙齒
    Gutian 喙齒
    Fu'an 喙齒
    Ningde 喙齒
    Shouning 喙齒
    Zhouning 喙齒
    Fuding 牙齒
    Southern Min Xiamen 喙齒, 齒
    Xiamen (Tong'an) 喙齒
    Quanzhou 喙齒, 齒
    Jinjiang 喙齒
    Hui'an 喙齒
    Anxi 喙齒
    Dehua 喙齒
    Zhangzhou 喙齒, 齒
    Zhao'an 喙齒
    Kaohsiung 喙齒, 齒
    Yilan 喙齒
    Changhua (Lukang) 喙齒
    Taichung 牙齒
    Taichung (Wuqi) 喙齒
    Tainan 喙齒
    Taitung 喙齒
    Hsinchu 喙齒
    Penghu (Magong) 喙齒
    Penang (Hokkien) 喙齒, 牙
    Singapore (Hokkien) 喙齒, 齒
    Manila (Hokkien) 喙齒
    Pingnan (Shangdu) 牙齒
    Chaozhou 齒
    Shantou 齒
    Shantou (Chenghai) 齒
    Jieyang 齒
    Haifeng 牙
    Bangkok (Teochew) 齒
    Ho Chi Minh City (Teochew) 牙
    Johor Bahru (Teochew) 齒
    Singapore (Teochew) 齒
    Pontianak (Teochew) 牙
    Leizhou 牙
    Wenchang 牙
    Haikou 齒
    Singapore (Hainanese) 牙, 喙齒
    Puxian Min Putian 齒
    Xianyou 喙齒
    Zhongshan Min Shaxi (Longdu) 牙
    Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 牙齒
    Shehua Fu'an 牙
    Fuding 牙
    Luoyuan 牙
    Sanming 牙
    Shunchang 牙
    Hua'an 牙
    Waxiang Guzhang (Gaofeng) 牙齒
    Wu Shanghai 牙子, 牙齒
    Shanghai (Chongming) 牙齒
    Suzhou 牙子
    Wenzhou 牙齒, 牙
    Jinhua 牙齒
    Xiang Changsha 牙齒
    Loudi 牙齒
    Shuangfeng 牙齒

    Compounds

    Descendants
    Sino-Xenic (牙):
    • → Japanese: 牙(げ) (ge); 牙(が) (ga)
    • → Korean: 아(牙) (a)
    • → Vietnamese: nha (牙)

    Others:

    • → Proto-Tai: *ŋaːᴬ (“tusk, ivory”)
    • → Proto-Vietic: *ŋaː (“ivory”)

    Japanese

    Kanji
    牙

    (common “Jōyō” kanji)

    1. tusk, fang

    Readings

    Etymology 1
    Kanji in this term
    牙
    き
    Grade: S
    kun’yomi

    From Old Japanese. Appears in the Man'yōshū.[1]

    Pronunciation
    • IPA(key): [kʲi]

    Noun

    牙(き) • (ki) 

    1. (obsolete) fang, tusk, tooth (particularly the canine)
    Usage notes

    Although this term is no longer used in isolation, it does persist in certain compounds.

    Derived terms
    Derived terms

    Etymology 2
    Kanji in this term
    牙
    きば
    Grade: S
    kun’yomi

    Compound of Old Japanese elements 牙 (ki, “fang, tusk”) +‎ 歯 (ha, “tooth”).[2] The ha changes to ba as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

    Pronunciation

    Noun

    牙(きば) • (kiba) 

    1. fang, tusk, tooth (particularly the canines)
    2. (falconry) dog (primarily used for counting hunting dogs)
    Usage notes

    This is the most common term for fang in modern Japanese.

    Derived terms
    Derived terms
    Idioms
    Idioms
    • 牙(きば)を噛(か)む (kiba o kamu): “to bite one's fangs” → to gnash one's teeth
    • 牙(きば)を研(と)ぐ (kiba o togu): “to sharpen one's fangs” → to prepare to hurt one's opponent. Compare sharpen one's claws
    • 牙(きば)を鳴(な)らす (kiba o narasu): “to clash one's fangs” → to gnash one's teeth; to get angry; to bare one's fangs
    • 牙(きば)を剥(む)く (kiba o muku): “to bare one's fangs”
    • 牙(きば)あるものは角(つの)無(な)し (kiba aru mono wa tsuno nashi): “the one with fangs has no horns” → a metaphor for how no one is endowed with every advantage
    See also

    Etymology 3
    Kanji in this term
    牙
    かび
    Grade: S
    kun’yomi

    Cognate with, and probably the noun derivation of, verb 黴びる (kabiru, “to go moldy”), from the root idea of something sprouting.[2] Used in the Kojiki.

    Pronunciation
    • IPA(key): [ka̠bʲi]

    Noun

    牙(かび) • (kabi) 

    1. (obsolete) a plant sprout, a plant bud
    Derived terms

    Etymology 4
    Kanji in this term
    牙
    は
    Grade: S
    kun’yomi

    Non-standard alternative spelling for 歯 (ha, “tooth”).[2]

    For pronunciation and definitions of 牙 – see the following entry.
    【歯は】3
    [noun] tooth
    [noun] (typography) a unit equal to 1 Q (kyū) and 0.25 mm, abbreviated as H; ha is used for spacing, while Q is used for font size
    Alternative spelling
    H
    (This term, 牙, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

    Etymology 5
    Kanji in this term
    牙
    げ
    Grade: S
    goon

    From Middle Chinese 牙 (MC ngae). Compare modern Min Nan reading gê.

    The goon reading, so probably the reading as first imported into Japanese.

    Pronunciation
    • IPA(key): [ɡe̞]

    Noun

    牙(げ) • (ge) 

    1. an animal's fang or tusk
    2. an elephant's tusk: ivory
    3. a tooth
    Usage notes

    The tooth meaning is much more commonly expressed using the word 歯 (ha).

    Derived terms
    Derived terms
    • 牙(げ)の笏(しゃく) (ge no shaku): an ivory mace or scepter, used by certain social classes in ancient Japan
    • 牙(げ)歯(し) (geshi): teeth, tusks, or fangs
    • 牙(げ)軸(じく) (gejiku): the inner edge of a scroll around which the scroll is wound, or an edge of a folding book to which pages are bound, made of ivory
    • 牙(げ)床(しょう), 牙(げ)象(しょう) (geshō): a kind of cutout decorative carving technique for panels, wherein the corners are left intact to reinforce the structure of the panel
    • 牙(げ)彫(ぼり) (gebori): a carving made from a tusk or fang, more specifically made of elephant ivory
    • 牙(げ)笏(しゃく) (geshaku): an ivory mace or scepter, used by certain social classes in ancient Japan

    Etymology 6
    Kanji in this term
    牙
    が
    Grade: S
    kan’on

    From Middle Chinese 牙 (MC ngae). Compare modern Cantonese reading ngaa4.

    The kan'on reading, so probably a later importation.

    Pronunciation
    • IPA(key): [ɡa̠]

    Affix

    牙(が) • (ga) 

    1. an animal's fang or tusk
    2. an elephant's tusk: ivory
    3. a tooth
    Usage notes

    The ga reading is only used in compounds, and is never used in isolation.

    Derived terms
    Derived terms

    References
    1. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    2. Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

    Korean

    Etymology

    From Middle Chinese 牙 (MC ngae).

    Recorded as Middle Korean ᅌᅡᆼ (Yale: nga) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.

    Recorded as Middle Korean 아 (a) (Yale: a) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

    Hanja

    Wikisource 牙 (eumhun 어금니 아 (eogeumni a))

    1. Hanja form? of 아 (“molar; cheek tooth”).

    Compounds
    Compounds

    References
    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

    Vietnamese

    Han character

    牙: Hán Nôm readings: nha, ngà

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