brandir
Catalan
Etymology
Inherited from Vulgar Latin *brandīre, from *brandus, from Frankish *brand.
Verb
brandir (first-person singular present brandeixo, first-person singular preterite brandí, past participle brandit)
- Synonym of brandar
Conjugation
infinitive | brandir | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gerund | brandint | ||||||
past participle | masculine | feminine | |||||
singular | brandit | brandida | |||||
plural | brandits | brandides | |||||
person | singular | plural | |||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
indicative | jo | tu | ell/ella vostè |
nosaltres nós |
vosaltres vós |
ells/elles vostès | |
present | brandeixo | brandeixes | brandeix | brandim | brandiu | brandeixen | |
imperfect | brandia | brandies | brandia | brandíem | brandíeu | brandien | |
future | brandiré | brandiràs | brandirà | brandirem | brandireu | brandiran | |
preterite | brandí | brandires | brandí | brandírem | brandíreu | brandiren | |
conditional | brandiria | brandiries | brandiria | brandiríem | brandiríeu | brandirien | |
subjunctive | jo | tu | ell/ella vostè |
nosaltres nós |
vosaltres vós |
ells/elles vostès | |
present | brandeixi | brandeixis | brandeixi | brandim | brandiu | brandeixin | |
imperfect | brandís | brandissis | brandís | brandíssim | brandíssiu | brandissin | |
imperative | — | tu | vostè | nosaltres | vosaltres vós |
vostès | |
affirmative | — | brandeix | brandeixi | brandim | brandiu | brandeixin | |
negative (no) | — | no brandeixis | no brandeixi | no brandim | no brandiu | no brandeixin |
Related terms
Further reading
- “brandir” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
- “brandir”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2024
- “brandir” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
- “brandir” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.
French
Etymology
Inherited from Middle French and Old French brandir.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /bʁɑ̃.diʁ/
Audio (file)
Conjugation
This is a regular verb of the second conjugation, like finir, choisir, and most other verbs with infinitives ending in -ir. One salient feature of this conjugation is the repeated appearance of the infix -iss-.
infinitive | simple | brandir | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
present participle or gerund1 | simple | brandissant /bʁɑ̃.di.sɑ̃/ | |||||
compound | ayant + past participle | ||||||
past participle | brandi /bʁɑ̃.di/ | ||||||
singular | plural | ||||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle, on | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
(simple tenses) |
present | brandis /bʁɑ̃.di/ |
brandis /bʁɑ̃.di/ |
brandit /bʁɑ̃.di/ |
brandissons /bʁɑ̃.di.sɔ̃/ |
brandissez /bʁɑ̃.di.se/ |
brandissent /bʁɑ̃.dis/ |
imperfect | brandissais /bʁɑ̃.di.sɛ/ |
brandissais /bʁɑ̃.di.sɛ/ |
brandissait /bʁɑ̃.di.sɛ/ |
brandissions /bʁɑ̃.di.sjɔ̃/ |
brandissiez /bʁɑ̃.di.sje/ |
brandissaient /bʁɑ̃.di.sɛ/ | |
past historic2 | brandis /bʁɑ̃.di/ |
brandis /bʁɑ̃.di/ |
brandit /bʁɑ̃.di/ |
brandîmes /bʁɑ̃.dim/ |
brandîtes /bʁɑ̃.dit/ |
brandirent /bʁɑ̃.diʁ/ | |
future | brandirai /bʁɑ̃.di.ʁe/ |
brandiras /bʁɑ̃.di.ʁa/ |
brandira /bʁɑ̃.di.ʁa/ |
brandirons /bʁɑ̃.di.ʁɔ̃/ |
brandirez /bʁɑ̃.di.ʁe/ |
brandiront /bʁɑ̃.di.ʁɔ̃/ | |
conditional | brandirais /bʁɑ̃.di.ʁɛ/ |
brandirais /bʁɑ̃.di.ʁɛ/ |
brandirait /bʁɑ̃.di.ʁɛ/ |
brandirions /bʁɑ̃.di.ʁjɔ̃/ |
brandiriez /bʁɑ̃.di.ʁje/ |
brandiraient /bʁɑ̃.di.ʁɛ/ | |
(compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
past anterior2 | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
(simple tenses) |
present | brandisse /bʁɑ̃.dis/ |
brandisses /bʁɑ̃.dis/ |
brandisse /bʁɑ̃.dis/ |
brandissions /bʁɑ̃.di.sjɔ̃/ |
brandissiez /bʁɑ̃.di.sje/ |
brandissent /bʁɑ̃.dis/ |
imperfect2 | brandisse /bʁɑ̃.dis/ |
brandisses /bʁɑ̃.dis/ |
brandît /bʁɑ̃.di/ |
brandissions /bʁɑ̃.di.sjɔ̃/ |
brandissiez /bʁɑ̃.di.sje/ |
brandissent /bʁɑ̃.dis/ | |
(compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
imperative | – | – | – | ||||
simple | — | brandis /bʁɑ̃.di/ |
— | brandissons /bʁɑ̃.di.sɔ̃/ |
brandissez /bʁɑ̃.di.se/ |
— | |
compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en. | |||||||
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
(Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). |
Descendants
- → Spanish: blandir
Further reading
- “brandir”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
Galician
Etymology
From Old Galician-Portuguese brandir (13th century, Cantigas de Santa Maria). Borrowed from Old French brandir or either from Old Occitan brandir.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [bɾanˈdiɾ]
Verb
brandir (first-person singular present brando, first-person singular preterite brandín, past participle brandido)
brandir (first-person singular present brando, first-person singular preterite brandim or brandi, past participle brandido, reintegrationist norm)
- (transitive) to brandish (to move a weapon)
Conjugation
1Less recommended.
Derived terms
- brandear (“to wave, wag”)
Occitan
Etymology
From Old Occitan brandir, from Vulgar Latin *brandiō, from *brandus, from Frankish *brand.
Pronunciation
Audio (file)
Conjugation
simple | compound | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
infinitive | brandir | ?er brandit | |||||
past participle | brandit | — | |||||
gerund | brandissent | ?ent brandit | |||||
person | singular | plural | |||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
indicative | ieu | tu | el | nosautres | vosautres | eles | |
present | brandissi | brandisses | brandís | brandissèm | brandissètz | brandisson | |
imperfect | brandissiái | brandissiás | brandissiá | brandissiam | brandissiatz | brandissián | |
preterite | brandiguèri | brandiguères | brandiguèt | brandiguèrem | brandiguèretz | brandiguèron | |
future | brandirai | brandiràs | brandirà | brandirem | brandiretz | brandiràn | |
conditional | brandiriái | brandiriás | brandiriá | brandiriam | brandiriatz | brandirián | |
conditional 2nd form1 | brandiguèra | brandiguèras | brandiguèra | brandigueram | brandigueratz | brandiguèran | |
compound tenses |
present perfect | use the present tense of ?er plus the past participle | |||||
pluperfect | use the imperfect tense of ?er plus the past participle | ||||||
past anterior | use the preterite tense of ?er plus the past participle | ||||||
future perfect | use the future tense of ?er plus the past participle | ||||||
conditional perfect | use the conditional tense of ?er plus the past participle | ||||||
subjunctive | que ieu | que tu | que el | que nosautres | que vosautres | que eles | |
present | brandisca | brandiscas | brandisca | brandiscam | brandiscatz | brandiscan | |
imperfect | brandiguèsse | brandiguèsses | brandiguèsse | brandiguèssem | brandiguèssetz | brandiguèsson | |
compound tenses |
past | use the present subjunctive of ?er plus the past participle | |||||
pluperfect | use the imperfect subjunctive of ?er plus the past participle | ||||||
imperative | — | tu | — | nosautres | vosautres | — | |
brandís | brandiscam | brandissetz | 1Now chiefly obsolete, still in use in some Limousin and Vivaro-Alpin dialects |
Old French
Etymology
From Vulgar Latin *brandus and ultimately of Germanic origin.
Conjugation
This verb conjugates as a second-group verb (ending in -ir, with an -iss- infix). Old French conjugation varies significantly by date and by region. The following conjugation should be treated as a guide.
simple | compound | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
infinitive | brandir | avoir brandi | |||||
gerund | en brandissant | gerund of avoir + past participle | |||||
present participle | brandissant | ||||||
past participle | brandi | ||||||
person | singular | plural | |||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
indicative | jo | tu | il | nos | vos | il | |
simple tenses |
present | brandis | brandis | brandist | brandissons | brandissez | brandissent |
imperfect | brandissoie, brandisseie | brandissoies, brandisseies | brandissoit, brandisseit | brandissiiens, brandissiens | brandissiiez, brandissiez | brandissoient, brandisseient | |
preterite | brandi | brandis | brandi | brandimes | brandistes | brandirent | |
future | brandirai | brandiras | brandira | brandirons | brandiroiz, brandireiz, brandirez | brandiront | |
conditional | brandiroie, brandireie | brandiroies, brandireies | brandiroit, brandireit | brandiriiens, brandiriens | brandiriiez, brandiriez | brandiroient, brandireient | |
compound tenses |
present perfect | present tense of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect | imperfect tense of avoir + past participle | ||||||
past anterior | preterite tense of avoir + past participle | ||||||
future perfect | future tense of avoir + past participle | ||||||
conditional perfect | conditional tense of avoir + past participle | ||||||
subjunctive | que jo | que tu | qu’il | que nos | que vos | qu’il | |
simple tenses |
present | brandisse | brandisses | brandisse | brandissons | brandissez | brandissent |
imperfect | brandisse | brandisses | brandist | brandissons, brandissiens | brandissoiz, brandissez, brandissiez | brandissent | |
compound tenses |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
imperative | – | tu | – | nos | vos | – | |
— | brandis | — | brandissons | brandissez | — |
Descendants
- Middle French: brandir
- French: brandir
- → Middle English: braundischen, braundishen
- English: brandish
Portuguese
Etymology
Borrowed from Old Occitan brandir.[1]
Pronunciation
- (Brazil) IPA(key): /bɾɐ̃ˈd͡ʒi(ʁ)/ [bɾɐ̃ˈd͡ʒi(h)]
- (São Paulo) IPA(key): /bɾɐ̃ˈd͡ʒi(ɾ)/
- (Rio de Janeiro) IPA(key): /bɾɐ̃ˈd͡ʒi(ʁ)/ [bɾɐ̃ˈd͡ʒi(χ)]
- (Southern Brazil) IPA(key): /bɾɐ̃ˈd͡ʒi(ɻ)/
- (Portugal) IPA(key): /bɾɐ̃ˈdiɾ/
- (Southern Portugal) IPA(key): /bɾɐ̃ˈdi.ɾi/
- Hyphenation: bran‧dir
Verb
brandir (first-person singular present brando, first-person singular preterite brandi, past participle brandido)
- (transitive) to brandish (to move a weapon)
Conjugation
References
- “brandir” in Dicionário infopédia da Língua Portuguesa. Porto: Porto Editora, 2003–2024.