< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/(s)ker-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*(s)ker-

  1. to cut off, sever
  2. to separate, divide

Alternative reconstructions

Extensions
  • *(s)kerb-
  • *(s)kerdʰ-: see *(s)kérdʰh₁eti
  • *ker-p-
  • *(s)ker-s-
    • Proto-Tocharian: *kärst-[3]
  • *(s)ker-t-
    • *(s)kert-sneh₂
      • Proto-Italic: *kertsnā (“portion; meal”)
        • Latin: cēna (see there for further descendants)
        • Oscan: kersnu
        • Umbrian: śesna
    • *(s)kr̥t-ó-m (or < *(s)kr̥-tó-m)
    • >? *(s)kort-ek-s
      • Proto-Italic:
        • Latin: cortex (see there for further descendants)
    • *(s)kr̥t-tó-s
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kr̥tˢtás
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kr̥ttás
          • Sanskrit: कृत्त (kṛttá, “cut, cut off, divided, curtailed”)
    • Unsorted formations
  • *skr-éy-ti?
  • *(s)kr-ew-
  • *(s)kr-ew-p-

Derived terms
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *(s)ker- (cut)‎ (43 c, 0 e)
  • *skér(H)-ti ~ *skr̥(H)-énti (root athematic present)[6]
    • Proto-Celtic: *skarati (“to sever, separate, divide”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *sker-e-ti (root thematic present)
  • *(s)kér(H)-dʰh₁e-ti
  • *(s)ker(H)-ye- (ye-present)
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skírˀtei (with evidence of a laryngeal?)[1]
      • Latvian: sķir̃t
      • Lithuanian: skìrti (“to separate, distinguish”)
    • Proto-Hellenic: *keřřō
  • *(s)kor-éh₂
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *karā́ˀ
      • Proto-Slavic: *kora (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *skarā́ˀ
      • Proto-Slavic: *skora (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Germanic: *skarō (“division, portion”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *(s)kor-os
  • *(s)kér-mn̥ ~ *(s)kr̥-mén-s
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čárma (see there for further descendants)
  • *(s)kér-mō
    • >? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kremō (possibly)
      • Proto-Slavic: *kremy (see there for further descendants)
  • *(s)kor-mós
  • *(s)kér(H)-ō[2]
  • *(s)kér-ti-s ~ *(s)kr̥-téy-s
    • Proto-Germanic: *skurdiz (“cutting”) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *(s)kr̥tíṣ
      • Proto-Iranian: *(s)kr̥tíṣ
        • Sanskrit: कृति (kṛtí, “the act of hurting; knife, dagger”)
  • *(s)kr̥-tós
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • Proto-Slavic: *krъtъ (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Germanic: *skurtaz (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Italic: *kortos
      • Latin: curtus (see there for further descendants)
  • *(s)kor-tós
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kártas
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *(s)kartás
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *(s)kartás
        • Sanskrit: कर्त (kartá, “cutting; separation, distinction; hole, cavity”)
  • *skēr-is
    • Proto-Germanic: *skēriz (see there for further descendants)
  • *(s)kor-yo-
    • Proto-Italic: *korjom
      • Latin: corium (see there for further descendants)
  • Unsorted formations:

References
  1. Derksen, Rick (2015) “skirti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 405
  2. De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “carō, carnis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 94
  3. Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “kärst-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 178-179
  4. Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “kertte”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 211
  5. Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1991) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Latin (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 2), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 244
  6. Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, pages 576-578

Root

*(s)ker-

  1. to turn, bend
Derived terms
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *(s)ker- (turn)‎ (13 c, 0 e)
  • *(s)kr̥-tós
  • *(s)kr̥-wós
    • Proto-Italic: *korwos
      • Latin: curvus (see there for further descendants)
  • *(s)kr̥-kr̥- (duplicated)
  • *(s)ker-k- (extended perhaps from reduplication *ke-ker- or *ki-ker-)
    • Proto-Hellenic:
      • Ancient Greek: κίρκος (kírkos), κρίκος (kríkos) (see there for further descendants)
        • → Latin: circus (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Slavic: *kъrkъ (see there for further descendants)
  • *(s)kr̥-tiH-neh₂ (extended)
    • >? Proto-Italic: *korteinā
      • Latin: cortīna (see there for further descendants)
  • *(s)ker-ew- (extended)
  • *(s)kor-os
  • *(s)kre-i- (extended)
    • Proto-Italic: *skreiniom
      • Latin: scrīnium (see there for further descendants)
  • *(s)kre-i-s- (extended)
  • *(s)kre-u-k- (extended)
  • *(s)kre-n-gʰ- (extended, nasalized)
    • Proto-Germanic: *hringaz (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Slavic: *krǫgъ (see there for further descendants)
    • Sanskrit: कृणत्ति (kṛṇatti)
    • Sanskrit: क्रुञ्चति (kruñcati)
    • Sanskrit: क्रौञ्च (krauñca)

See also

References
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