黎民

Chinese

		surname; black; Lebanon (abbrev.)	the people; nationality; citizen
trad. (黎民)		黎	民
simp. ^#(黎民)		黎	民

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): límín

(Zhuyin): ㄌㄧˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): lai⁴ man⁴

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: límín
  - Zhuyin: ㄌㄧˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: límín
  - Wade–Giles: li²-min²
  - Yale: lí-mín
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: limin
  - Palladius: лиминь (liminʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /li³⁵ min³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: lai⁴ man⁴
  - Yale: làih màhn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: lai⁴ man⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: lei⁴ men⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lɐi̯²¹ mɐn²¹/

Middle Chinese: lej mjin

Rime
Character	黎	民
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	來 (37)	明 (4)
Final (韻)	齊 (39)	眞 (43)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	IV	III
Fanqie	郎奚切	彌鄰切
Baxter	lej	mjin
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/lei/	/miɪn/
Pan Wuyun	/lei/	/min/
Shao Rongfen	/lɛi/	/mjen/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/lɛj/	/min/
Li Rong	/lei/	/miĕn/
Wang Li	/liei/	/mĭĕn/
Bernard Karlgren	/liei/	/mi̯ĕn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	lí	mín
Expected Cantonese Reflex	lai⁴	man⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[r]ˤij|[r]ˤij mi[ŋ]/

(Zhengzhang): /*riːl min/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	黎	黎	民
Reading #	1/2	2/2	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	lí	lí	mín
Middle Chinese	‹ lej ›	‹ lej ›	‹ mjin ›
Old Chinese	/[r]ˁij/ (Cf. 耆 0552l ɡij < [ɡ]rij ‘old’)	/*[r]ˁij/	/*mi[ŋ]/
English	old	black	people
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	黎	民
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	7880	9130
Phonetic component	利	民
Rime group	脂	眞
Rime subdivision	1	1
Corresponding MC rime	黎	民
Old Chinese	/*riːl/	/*min/

Noun

黎民

(literary) the common people; commoners; the masses
- 太康尸位，以逸豫滅厥德，黎民咸貳。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  太康尸位，以逸豫灭厥德，黎民咸贰。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Forged Old Text of the Book of Documents, circa 3^rd – 4^th century CE
  Tàikāng shīwèi, yǐ yìyù miè juédé, límín xián èr. [Pinyin]
  Tai Kang who held his position without doing anything lived happily and comfortably instead of being moral. All commoners were disloyal.

Synonyms

一般人 (yībānrén)
世人 (shìrén)
世間人／世间人 (Hokkien)
人士 (rénshì) (literary)
人民 (rénmín)
人群 (rénqún)
人萌 (rénméng) (literary)
俗人 (súrén)
俗子 (súzǐ) (literary)
𫣆人 (Hakka)
兆民 (zhàomín) (archaic)
公眾／公众 (gōngzhòng)
凡人 (fánrén)
凡夫 (fánfū) (literary)
匹夫 (pǐfū) (literary)
四眾人／四众人 (Teochew)
士人 (shìrén) (archaic)
大眾／大众 (dàzhòng)
子民 (zǐmín) (historical)
家人 (jiārén) (archaic)
布衣 (bùyī) (historical)
常人 (chángrén)
平人 (píngrén) (literary)
平常人 (píngchángrén)
平民 (píngmín)
庶人 (shùrén) (literary)
庶民 (shùmín) (literary)
斯人 (sīrén) (Classical Chinese)
普通人 (pǔtōngrén)
民人 (mínrén) (literary)
民眾／民众 (mínzhòng)
烝民 (zhēngmín) (literary)
白衣 (báiyī) (historical)
白衣人 (báiyīrén) (historical)
白身 (báishēn) (archaic)
白身人 (báishēnrén) (archaic)
百姓
眾人／众人 (zhòngrén) (literary)
萬姓／万姓 (wànxìng) (archaic)
群眾／群众 (qúnzhòng)
老百姓 (lǎobǎixìng)
良人 (liángrén) (literary)
草民 (cǎomín) (the worthless ordinary people)
草菅 (cǎojiān) (Classical Chinese, figurative)
草野 (cǎoyě) (literary, figurative)
萌 (literary)
野人 (yěrén) (archaic)
黎庶 (líshù) (literary)
黎首 (líshǒu) (archaic)
黔首 (qiánshǒu) (archaic)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (黎民):

→ Japanese: 黎民(れいみん) (reimin)
→ Korean: 여민(黎民) (yeomin)
→ Vietnamese: lê dân (黎民)

→ Vietnamese: dân đen (calque)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
黎	民
れい Jinmeiyō	みん Grade: 4
on’yomi

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ɾe̞ːmʲĩɴ]

Noun

黎(れい)民(みん) • (reimin)

the common people, commoners, the masses

Korean

Hanja in this term
黎	民

Noun

黎民 • (yeomin) (hangeul 여민)

Hanja form^? of 여민 (“the common people, commoners, the masses”).

Noun

黎民 • (ryeomin) (hangeul 려민)

Hanja form^? of 려민 (“the common people, commoners, the masses (North Korean)”).

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