自在階級

自在階級

1. (Marxism) class in itself (the proletariat in the stage of spontaneous struggle where it has not yet developed class consciousness)

   • 無產階級對於資本主義社會的認識，在其實踐的初期——破壞機器和自發鬥爭時期，他們還只在感性認識的階段，只認識資本主義各個現象的片面及其外部的聯繫。這時，他們還是一個所謂「自在的階級」。但是到了他們實踐的第二個時期——有意識有組織的經濟鬥爭和政治鬥爭的時期，由於實踐，由於長期鬥爭的經驗，經過馬克思、恩格斯用科學的方法把這種種經驗總結起來，產生了馬克思主義的理論，用以教育無產階級，這樣就使無產階級理解了資本主義社會的本質，理解了社會階級的剝削關係，理解了無產階級的歷史任務，這時他們就變成了一個「自為的階級」。 [MSC, trad.]
     无产阶级对于资本主义社会的认识，在其实践的初期——破坏机器和自发斗争时期，他们还只在感性认识的阶段，只认识资本主义各个现象的片面及其外部的联系。这时，他们还是一个所谓「自在的阶级」。但是到了他们实践的第二个时期——有意识有组织的经济斗争和政治斗争的时期，由于实践，由于长期斗争的经验，经过马克思、恩格斯用科学的方法把这种种经验总结起来，产生了马克思主义的理论，用以教育无产阶级，这样就使无产阶级理解了资本主义社会的本质，理解了社会阶级的剥削关系，理解了无产阶级的历史任务，这时他们就变成了一个「自为的阶级」。 [MSC, simp.]

     From: 1937, 毛澤東 (Mao Zedong), 《實踐論》 (On Practice), 《毛澤東選集》. English translation based on the Foreign Languages Press edition

     Wúchǎn jiējí duìyú zīběn zhǔyì shèhuì de rènshi, zài qí shíjiàn de chūqī — pòhuài jīqì hé zìfā dòuzhēng shíqī, tāmen hái zhǐ zài gǎnxìng rènshi de jiēduàn, zhǐ rènshi zīběn zhǔyì gègè xiànxiàng de piànmiàn jí qí wàibù de liánxì. Zhè shí, tāmen hái shì yī gè suǒwèi “zìzài de jiējí”. Dànshì dàole tāmen shíjiàn de dì èr gè shíqī — yǒu yìshí yǒu zǔzhī de jīngjì dòuzhēng hé zhèngzhì dòuzhēng de shíqī, yóuyú shíjiàn, yóuyú chángqī dòuzhēng de jīngyàn, jīngguò Mǎkèsī, Ēngésī yòng kēxué de fāngfǎ bǎ zhè zhǒngzhǒng jīngyàn zǒngjié qilai, chǎnshēng le Mǎkèsī zhǔyì de lǐlùn, yòng yǐ jiàoyù wúchǎn jiējí, zhèyàng jiù shǐ wúchǎn jiējí lǐjiě le zīběn zhǔyì shèhuì de běnzhì, lǐjiě le shèhuì jiējí de bōxuē guānxì, lǐjiě le wúchǎn jiējí de lìshǐ rènwù, zhè shí tāmen jiù biànchéng le yī gè “zìwèi de jiējí”. [Pinyin]

     In its knowledge of capitalist society, the proletariat was only in the perceptual stage of cognition in the first period of its practice, the period of machine-smashing and spontaneous struggle; it knew only some of the aspects and the external relations of the phenomena of capitalism. The proletariat was then still a “class-in-itself”. But when it reached the second period of its practice, the period of conscious and organized economic and political struggles, the proletariat was able to comprehend the essence of capitalist society, the relations of exploitation between social classes and its own historical task; and it was able to do so because of its own practice and because of its experience of prolonged struggle, which Marx and Engels scientifically summed up in all its variety to create the theory of Marxism for the education of the proletariat. It was then that the proletariat became a “class-for-itself”.

• 自為階級／自为阶级 (zìwèi jiējí)