tunga

See also: Tunga, tũnga, and tūnga

Cebuano

Etymology

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *teŋaq. Cognate with Malay tengah, Maori tonga.

Pronunciation

Hyphenation: tu‧nga

IPA^(key): /tuˈŋaʔ/, [t̪ʊˈŋaʔ]

Adjective

tungâ

half

Noun

tungâ

center; middle
1. (geometry) the center of a circle
2. (geometry) the center of a sphere
3. the middle portion of something; the part well away from the edges
4. (geometry) the point on a line that is midway between the ends
5. (geometry) the point in the interior of any figure of any number of dimensions that has as its coordinates the arithmetic mean of the coordinates of all points on the perimeter of the figure (or of all points in the interior for a center of volume)
(slang, euphemistic) vagina

Verb

tungâ

to split into halves
to increase to halfway point
to show up

Faroese

Etymology

From Old Norse tunga, from Proto-Germanic *tungǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈtʰʊŋka/

Noun

tunga f (genitive singular tungu, plural tungur)

tongue (organ)
mother tongue, language
tongue of land in a stream
the tongue of a shoe
lemon sole (Microstomus kitt)

Declension

Declension of tunga
f1	singular		plural
f1	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	tunga	tungan	tungur	tungurnar
accusative	tungu	tunguna	tungur	tungurnar
dative	tungu	tunguni	tungum	tungunum
genitive	tungu	tungunnar	tunga	tunganna

Herero

Verb

tunga

to build

Icelandic

Etymology

From Old Norse tunga, from Proto-Germanic *tungǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈtʰuŋka/
Rhymes: -uŋka

Noun

tunga f (genitive singular tungu, nominative plural tungur)

(anatomy) a tongue
language
the tongue of a shoe

Declension

declension of tunga

	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
f-w1	singular		plural
nominative	tunga	tungan	tungur	tungurnar
accusative	tungu	tunguna	tungur	tungurnar
dative	tungu	tungunni	tungum	tungunum
genitive	tungu	tungunnar	tungna	tungnanna

Synonyms

(language): tungumál, mál, sprok (archaic)

Derived terms

Kituba

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-tʊ́nga.

Verb

tunga

to sew
to build

Kuikúro

Alternative forms

tuŋá, tugá

Noun

tunga

water
- 2010, Ergativity in Amazonia, →ISBN:
  tunga heke leha ate-lü-ko leha
  water ERG CMPL surround-PNCT-PL CMPL
  the water surrounded them
- 2012, Languages of the Amazon, →ISBN:
  tuŋá-héke létʃa ate-lə-ko léha
  water-ERG AP 3-encircle-PUNCTUAL-PL ASP
  The water encircled them.

Lingala

Verb

-tunga (infinitive kotunga)

to thin, to become thinner, to slim

Derived terms

Verbal derivations:
- Causative: -tungisa

Norwegian Bokmål

Alternative forms

tungen

Noun

tunga m or f

definite feminine singular of tunge

Norwegian Nynorsk

Noun

tunga f (definite singular tunga, indefinite plural tunger or tungor, definite plural tungene or tungone)

(pre-2012) alternative form of tunge
definite singular of tunge

Old Dutch

Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *tungā, from Proto-Germanic *tungǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s.

Noun

tunga f

tongue

Inflection

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Declension of tunga

	Singular	Plural
nominative	tunga	tungon
accusative	tungon	tungon
genitive	tungon	tungno
dative	tungon	tungon

Descendants

Middle Dutch: tonge, tonghe
- Dutch: tong
  - Afrikaans: tong
  - Negerhollands: tong, toṅ, tung
    - → Virgin Islands Creole: ton (dated)
  - Skepi Creole Dutch: tunk
  - →? Sranan Tongo: tongo
    - → Aukan: tongo
    - → Kwinti: tongo
    - → Saramaccan: tongò
- Limburgish: tóng

Old High German

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *dungō.

Noun

tunga ?

dung

Old Norse

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *tungǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s.

Noun

tunga f (genitive tungu, plural tungur)

Declension

Declension of tunga (weak ōn-stem)

feminine	singular		plural
feminine	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	tunga	tungan	tungur	tungurnar
accusative	tungu	tunguna	tungur	tungurnar
dative	tungu	tungunni	tungum	tungunum
genitive	tungu	tungunnar	tungna	tungnanna

Descendants

Icelandic: tunga
Faroese: tunga
Norn: tunga
Elfdalian: tungga
Norwegian: tunge
Old Swedish: tunga
- Swedish: tunga
Old Danish: tungæ
- Danish: tunge
Gutnish: tungge, tunggå, tungga

References

“tunga”, in Geir T. Zoëga (1910) A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press

Old Saxon

Alternative forms

tunge

Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *tungā, from Proto-Germanic *tungǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s.

Noun

tunga f

Declension

Declension of tunga (feminine n-stem)

	singular	plural
nominative	tunga	tungun, tungan, tungon
accusative	tungun, tungan, tungon	tungun, tungan, tungon
genitive	tungun, tungan, tungon	tungono
dative	tungun, tungan, tungon	tungun, tungan, tungon
instrumental	—	—

Descendants

Middle Low German: tunge
- German Low German: Tunge
- Plautdietsch: Tung

Old Swedish

Etymology

From Old Norse tunga, from Proto-Germanic *tungǭ.

Noun

tunga f

tongue
speech, language

Declension

Declension of tunga (on-stem)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	tunga	tungan	tungu(r), -o(r)	tunguna(r), -ona(r)
accusative	tungu, -o	tunguna, -ona	tungu(r), -o(r)	tunguna(r), -ona(r)
dative	tungu, -o	tungunni, -onne	tungum, -om	tungumin, -omen
genitive	tungu, -o	tungunna(r), -onna(r)	tunga	tunganna

Descendants

Swedish: tunga

Rwanda-Rundi

Verb

-tûnga (infinitive gutûnga, perfective -tûnze)

own, possess
be wealthy
Synonym: -kira

Antonym: -kena

Derived terms

Swahili

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-tʊ́nga.

Pronunciation

Audio (Kenya) (file)

Verb

-tunga (infinitive kutunga)

to compose, to string together, to form matter
kutunga mashairi ― to compose poems

Conjugation

Conjugation of -tunga

Positive present	-natunga
Subjunctive	-tunge
Negative	-tungi
Imperative singular	tunga

Infinitives

Positive	kutunga
Negative	kutotunga

Imperatives

Singular	tunga
Plural	tungeni

Tensed forms

Habitual	hutunga
Positive past	positive subject concord + -litunga
Negative past	negative subject concord + -kutunga

Positive present (positive subject concord + -natunga)
		Singular	Plural
1st person		ninatunga/natunga	tunatunga
2nd person		unatunga	mnatunga
3rd person	m-wa_(I/II)	anatunga	wanatunga
3rd person	other classes	positive subject concord + -natunga

Negative present (negative subject concord + -tungi)
		Singular	Plural
1st person		situngi	hatutungi
2nd person		hutungi	hamtungi
3rd person	m-wa_(I/II)	hatungi	hawatungi
3rd person	other classes	negative subject concord + -tungi

Positive future	positive subject concord + -tatunga
Negative future	negative subject concord + -tatunga

Positive subjunctive (positive subject concord + -tunge)
		Singular	Plural
1st person		nitunge	tutunge
2nd person		utunge	mtunge
3rd person	m-wa_(I/II)	atunge	watunge
3rd person	other classes	positive subject concord + -tunge

Negative subjunctive	positive subject concord + -situnge
Positive present conditional	positive subject concord + -ngetunga
Negative present conditional	positive subject concord + -singetunga
Positive past conditional	positive subject concord + -ngalitunga
Negative past conditional	positive subject concord + -singalitunga

Gnomic (positive subject concord + -atunga)
		Singular	Plural
1st person		natunga	twatunga
2nd person		watunga	mwatunga
3rd person	m-wa_(I/II)	atunga	watunga
	m-mi_(III/IV)	watunga	yatunga
	ji-ma_(V/VI)	latunga	yatunga
	ki-vi_(VII/VIII)	chatunga	vyatunga
	n_(IX/X)	yatunga	zatunga
	u_(XI)	watunga	see n_(X)* or ma_(VI) class*
	ku_(XV/XVII)	kwatunga
	pa_(XVI)	patunga
	mu_(XVIII)	mwatunga

Perfect	positive subject concord + -metunga
"Already"	positive subject concord + -meshatunga
"Not yet"	negative subject concord + -jatunga
"If/When"	positive subject concord + -kitunga
"If not"	positive subject concord + -sipotunga
Consecutive	katunga / positive subject concord + -katunga
Consecutive subjunctive	positive subject concord + -katunge

Object concord (indicative positive)
		Singular	Plural
1st person		-nitunga	-tutunga
2nd person		-kutunga	-watunga/-kutungeni/-watungeni
3rd person	m-wa_(I/II)	-mtunga	-watunga
	m-mi_(III/IV)	-utunga	-itunga
	ji-ma_(V/VI)	-litunga	-yatunga
	ki-vi_(VII/VIII)	-kitunga	-vitunga
	n_(IX/X)	-itunga	-zitunga
	u_(XI)	-utunga	see n_(X)* or ma_(VI) class*
	ku_(XV/XVII)	-kutunga
	pa_(XVI)	-patunga
	mu_(XVIII)	-mutunga
Reflexive		-jitunga

Relative forms

General positive (positive subject concord + (object concord) + -tunga- + relative marker)
	Singular	Plural
m-wa_(I/II)	-tungaye	-tungao
m-mi_(III/IV)	-tungao	-tungayo
ji-ma_(V/VI)	-tungalo	-tungayo
ki-vi_(VII/VIII)	-tungacho	-tungavyo
n_(IX/X)	-tungayo	-tungazo
u_(XI)	-tungao	see n_(X)* or ma_(VI) class*
ku_(XV/XVII)	-tungako
pa_(XVI)	-tungapo
mu_(XVIII)	-tungamo

Other forms (subject concord + tense marker + relative marker + (object concord) + -tunga)
	Singular	Plural
m-wa_(I/II)	-yetunga	-otunga
m-mi_(III/IV)	-otunga	-yotunga
ji-ma_(V/VI)	-lotunga	-yotunga
ki-vi_(VII/VIII)	-chotunga	-vyotunga
n_(IX/X)	-yotunga	-zotunga
u_(XI)	-otunga	see n_(X)* or ma_(VI) class*
ku_(XV/XVII)	-kotunga
pa_(XVI)	-potunga
mu_(XVIII)	-motunga

Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information.

Derived terms

Verbal derivations:
- Other formations: -tunga mimba (“to get pregnant”)

Nominal derivations:
- mtungaji (“composer”)
- mtunzi (“composer”)
- utungo

Swedish

Pronunciation

audio (file)
IPA^(key): /²tɵŋa/, [²t̪ʰɵŋa]
Rhymes: -²ɵŋa

Etymology 1

From Old Swedish tunga, from Old Norse tunga, from Proto-Germanic *tungǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s.

Noun

tunga c

a tongue (organ)
a tongue (flap in a shoe)
Synonym: plös
a language, speech
De skatter som förvärvas genom falsk tunga, de äro en försvinnande dunst och hasta till döden.
The getting of treasures by a lying tongue is a vanity tossed to and fro of them that seek death. (Proverbs 21:6 – old bible translation with archaic language)

Declension

Declension of tunga
	Singular		Plural
	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
Nominative	tunga	tungan	tungor	tungorna
Genitive	tungas	tungans	tungors	tungornas

Derived terms

hålla tungan rätt i mun
tala med kluven tunga (“speak with a forked tongue”)
tala i tungor (“speak in tongues”)

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Adjective

tunga

inflection of tung:
1. definite singular
2. plural

Noun

tunga c

(archaic) weight (how heavy something is, from the adjective tung = heavy)
1. a weight (for measuring weight with scales)
  Synonyms: tyngd, vikt
  
  Tyskland var då tungan på den europeiska jämviktens vågskål
  Germany was then the weight in the pan of the European balance
2. a burden, a trouble
  Synonym: börda
3. a duty, something one is forced to do or pay

References

Tausug

Etymology

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *teŋaq.

Noun

tunga

half

Verb

tunga (used in the form magtunga)

to halve

Turkish

Noun

tunga

tunga (definite accusative tungalar, plural tungayı)

A sort of tiger.

Synonyms

kaplan

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tunga

Cebuano

Etymology

Pronunciation

Adjective

Noun

Verb

Faroese

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Declension

Herero

Verb

Icelandic

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Declension

Synonyms

Derived terms

Kituba

Etymology

Verb

Kuikúro

Alternative forms

Noun

Lingala

Verb

Derived terms

Norwegian Bokmål

Alternative forms

Noun

Norwegian Nynorsk

Noun

Old Dutch

Etymology

Noun

Inflection

Descendants

Further reading

Old High German

Etymology

Noun

Old Norse

Etymology

Noun

Declension

Descendants

References

Old Saxon

Alternative forms

Etymology

Noun

Declension

Descendants

Old Swedish

Etymology

Noun

Declension

Descendants

Rwanda-Rundi

Verb

Derived terms

Swahili

Etymology

Pronunciation

Verb

Conjugation

Derived terms

Swedish

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Noun

Declension

Derived terms

Etymology 2

Adjective

Noun

References