Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/kāŕ

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Alternative reconstructions

*kāz

Etymology

Considering the bird’s black feathers, it could be a derivative of the word 'black' (see Proto-Turkic *kara), but most data support the hypothesis of an onomatopoeic origin.[1][2][3] Probably related to the Hungarian onomatopoeic word gá-gá (“sound a goose makes”).[3] This onomatopoeic formation may serve the same function as other Turkic bird-related words like karga (“crow, black bird”) and kuş (“bird”), compare the Hungarian onomatopoeic word kár-kár ("to croak").[3]

Alternatively, borrowed from some reflex of Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰh₂éns (“goose”), perhaps Tocharian.[4][5] Pedersen derived from Old Armenian *գաս (*gas), the supposed earlier form of սագ (sag, “goose”),[6][7] but this derivation is implausible.[2][5] Unlikely to be a direct borrowing from Proto-Indo-European, but perhaps coincidental or a cultural Wanderwort.[8] Compare with Chechen гӏа̄з (ğaaz), Ingush гӏа̄ж (ğaaž).

Noun

*kāŕ

goose

Declension

Declension of *kāŕ

	Singular ³⁾
Nominative	*kāŕ
Accusative	kāŕnï, kāŕïg ⁴⁾, *kāŕnïg ¹⁾
Genitive	*kāŕnïŋ
Dative	*kāŕka
Locative	*kāŕta
Ablative	*kāŕtan
Allative	*kāŕgaru
Instrumental ²⁾	*kāŕïn
Equative ²⁾	*kāŕča
Similative ²⁾	*kāŕlayu
Comitative ²⁾	*kāŕlïgu

¹⁾ Possibly in Pre-Proto-Turkic.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative & comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality is disputed in Proto-Turkic. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page in Wikibooks.
⁴⁾ Found in the Old Turkic era.

Descendants

Oghur:
- Chuvash: хур (hur)
Common Turkic:

Oghuz:
- Old Anatolian Turkish:
  - Azerbaijani: qaz
  - Ottoman Turkish: قاز (qaz)
    - Turkish: kaz
    - Gagauz: kaaz
    - → Zazaki: qaz
    - Kurdish:
      - → Central Kurdish: قاز (qaz)
      - → Northern Kurdish: qaz
    - → Laz: კაზი (ǩazi), ღაზი (ğazi)
    - → Middle Armenian: ղազ (ġaz)
      - Armenian: ղազ (ġaz)
  - Salar: gaz
  - Turkmen: gāz
Karluk:
- Karakhanid: قازْ (qāz, “goose, geese (swans, ducks, swallows)”)
  - Chagatai: قاز (qaz)
    - Uzbek: g'oz
    - Uyghur: غاز (ghaz)
Kipchak:
- Armeno-Kipchak: խազ (xaz)
- Kipchak: chax
- Mamluk-Kipchak: قاز (qaz)
- North Kipchak:
  - Bashkir: ҡаҙ (qaź)
  - Tatar: каз (qaz)
- West Kipchak:
  - Crimean Tatar: qaz / къаз
  - Karachay-Balkar: къаз (qaz)
  - Karaim: къаз (qaz), каз (kaz)
  - Kumyk: къаз (qaz)
- South Kipchak:
  - Caspian:
    - Karakalpak: g'az
    - Kazakh: қаз (qaz)
    - Nogai: каз (kaz)
  - Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
    - Kyrgyz: каз (kaz)
    - Southern Altai: кас (kas)
Siberian:
- Old Uyghur: q՚z (qaz, “geese”)
  - Western Yugur: [script needed] (qaz)
- North Siberian:
  - Dolgan: каас (kaas)
  - Yakut: хаас (qaas)
- South Siberian:
  - Sayan Turkic:
    - Tuvan: кас (kas)
    - Tofa: қас (qas)
  - Yenisei Turkic:
    - Khakas: хас (xas)
    - Shor: қас (qas)
  - Altai Turkic:
    - Northern Altai: кас (kas)
→ Abkhaz: а-ҟыз (a-qʼəz)
→ Adyghe: къаз (qaz)
→ Alanic:
- Jassic: caz
- Ossetian: хъаз (qaz)
→ Archi: хъаз (qaz)
→ Avar: хъаз (qxaz)
→ Chechen: гӏаз (ğaz)
→ Dargwa: къаз (ɢaz)
→ Ingush: гӏаж (ğaž)
→ Kabardian: къаз (qaz)
→ Lezgi: къаз (q̄az)
→ Khowar: qoz ‘crane’
→ Persian: غاز (ğâz), قاز (qâz)
- Tajik: ғоз (ġoz)
- → Urdu: قاز (qāz)
→ Pashto: قازه (qā́za)
→ Sangisari: غاز (qāz)

References

Levitskaja, L. S., Dybo, A. V., Rassadin, V. I. (1997) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume V, Moscow: Jazyki russkoj kulʹtury, page 184b
Doerfer, Gerhard (1967) Türkische und mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen [Turkic and Mongolian Elements in New Persian] (Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur: Veröffentlichungen der Orientalischen Kommission; 20)‎ (in German), volume III, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, § 1389, pages 385–387
Czeglédi, Katalin. The Nature of the Relationship between the Hungarian and Turkish Languages. Journal of Eurasian Studies. Volume IV., Issue 4. October-December 2012.
Clauson, Gerard (1972) “”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 679
Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1979) “սագ”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume IV, Yerevan: University Press, page 152b
Pedersen, Holger (1906) “Armenisch und die Nachbarsprachen”, in Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete der Indogermanischen Sprachen (in German), volume 39, number 3, pages 453–454
Pedersen (Pedersən), Holger (1907) H. Tʻovmas Ketikean, transl., Hayerēn ew dracʻi lezunerə [Armenian and the Neighbouring Languages] (in Armenian), Vienna: Mekhitarist Press, pages 186–187
The Proto-Bulgaro-Turkic Urheimat based on geolexical analysis (archived)

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[1] Levitskaja, L. S., Dybo, A. V., Rassadin, V. I. (1997) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume V, Moscow: Jazyki russkoj kulʹtury, page 184b

[TMN-2] Doerfer, Gerhard (1967) Türkische und mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen [Turkic and Mongolian Elements in New Persian] (Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur: Veröffentlichungen der Orientalischen Kommission; 20)‎ (in German), volume III, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, § 1389, pages 385–387

[Katalin-3] Czeglédi, Katalin. The Nature of the Relationship between the Hungarian and Turkish Languages. Journal of Eurasian Studies. Volume IV., Issue 4. October-December 2012.

[4] Clauson, Gerard (1972) “”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 679

[HAB-5] Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1979) “սագ”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume IV, Yerevan: University Press, page 152b

[6] Pedersen, Holger (1906) “Armenisch und die Nachbarsprachen”, in Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete der Indogermanischen Sprachen (in German), volume 39, number 3, pages 453–454

[7] Pedersen (Pedersən), Holger (1907) H. Tʻovmas Ketikean, transl., Hayerēn ew dracʻi lezunerə [Armenian and the Neighbouring Languages] (in Armenian), Vienna: Mekhitarist Press, pages 186–187

[8] The Proto-Bulgaro-Turkic Urheimat based on geolexical analysis (archived)

Animals in Turkic
Dog	dog: *ït	Hunting Dog	hunting dog: *eker	Hen	hen: *tiakïgu
Lark	lark: *torgay	Pigeon	dove, pigeon: *kȫkerčin	Quail	quail: *bïldurčïn
Sparrow	sparrow: *serče	Hawk	hawk, falcon: *kïrguy	Goose	goose: *kāŕ
Wolf	wolf: *bȫrü	Cow	cow: *ingek	Calf	calf: *buŕagu
Camel	camel: *tebe	Young Camel	young of camel: kȫĺek, botu	Horse	horse: *at
Foal	foal: *kulun	Worm	worm: *kūrt	Snake	snake: *yï̄lan
Fox	fox: *tilkü	goat	goat: *keči	He-goat	he-goat: *teke
Lion	lion: *arsïlan	Fish	fish: *bālïk	Abramis brama	carp bream: *čapak
Donkey	donkey: *eĺčgek	Carp	carp: *siāŕgan	Catfish	catfish: *yāyïn
Beaver	beaver: *kunduŕ	Hedgehog	hedgehog: *kirpi	Badger	badger: *borsmuk
Fly	fly, mosquito: *siŋek	Bee	wasp, bee: *ārï	Gadlfy	gadfly: *bȫgen
Moth	moth: *küńe	Louse	louse: *bït	Earthworm	earthworm: *sïbuĺgan
Yak	yak: *kotuz	Colt	colt: *sïp	Dragon	dragon: *siāŕgan
Worm	worm: *kūrt	Deer	deer: keyik, sïgun, bulan, bugu	Lizard	lizard: *keleŕ