Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/arpa

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

Possibly borrowed from Northeastern Iranian,[1][2] from Proto-Iranian *Hr̥pā́š (“barley”), or perhaps Tocharian,[3] both from Proto-Indo-European *h₂élbʰit. Alternatively from *ar- (“to multiply oneself, be numerous”), whence Old Turkic [script needed] (arka, “multitude, crowd”).[4] The term appears to be related to Proto-Mongolic *arbaï (“barley”) as well, possibly through borrowing. Compare also Mongolian арвай (arvaj), Dongxiang apa.[5][6]

Noun

*arpa[7][2]

barley

Declension

Declension of *arpa

	Singular ³⁾
Nominative	*arpa
Accusative	arpanï, arpag ⁴⁾, *arpanïg ¹⁾
Genitive	*arpanïŋ
Dative	*arpaka
Locative	*arpada
Ablative	*arpadan
Allative	*arpagaru
Instrumental ²⁾	*arpan
Equative ²⁾	*arpača
Similative ²⁾	*arpalayu
Comitative ²⁾	*arpalïgu

¹⁾ Possibly in Pre-Proto-Turkic.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative & comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality is disputed in Proto-Turkic. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page in Wikibooks.
⁴⁾ Found in the Old Turkic era.

Descendants

Oghur:
- Chuvash: урпа (urp̬a)
Common Turkic: *arpa

Arghu:
- Khalaj: arpa
Oghuz:
- Proto-Oghuz: *arpa
  - Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (arpa)
    - Azerbaijani: arpa
    - Ottoman Turkish: آرپه (arpa)
      - Gagauz: arpa
      - Turkish: arpa
  - Salar: arfa
  - Turkmen: arpa
Karluk:
- Karakhanid: اَرْپا (arpa)
  - Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (arpa)
    - Chagatai: ارپا (arpa)
      - Uzbek: arpa
      - Uyghur: ئارپا (arpa)
Kipchak:
- Kipchak: ارپا (arpa)
  - North Kipchak:
    - Bashkir: арпа (arpa)
    - Tatar: арпа (arpa)
  - West Kipchak:
    - Crimean Tatar: arpa
    - Karachay-Balkar: арпа (arpa)
    - Karaim: арпа
    - Kumyk: арпа (arpa)
  - South Kipchak:
    - Caspian:
      - Kazakh: арпа (arpa)
      - Karakalpak: arpa
      - Nogai: арпа (arpa)
    - Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
      - Kyrgyz: арпа (arpa)
      - Southern Altai: арба (arba)
Siberian:
- Old Turkic:
  - Old Uyghur: [script needed] (arpa)
- South Siberian
  - Yenisei Turkic:
    - Shor: арба
→ Hungarian: árpa
→ Manchu: ᠠᡵᡶᠠ (arfa)
→ Proto-Mongolic: *arbaï
- Mongolian: арвай (arvaj)
- → Tuvan: арбай (arbay)

References

Jokl, Norbert (1911) Studien zur albanesischen Etymologie und Wortbildung (Sitzungsberichte der Philosophisch-Historischen Klasse der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften; 168) (in German), Vienna: A. Hölder, page 90
Dybo, Anna (2014) “Early contacts of Turks and problems of Proto-Turkic reconstruction”, in Tatarica‎, volume 2, page 9
Clauson, Gerard (1972) “?F arpa”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 198b
Tatarincev, B. I. (2000–2008) “Proto-Turkic/arpa”, in Monguš D. A., editor, Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tuvinskovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Tuvan Language] (in Russian), Novosibirsk: Nauka
Tokat, Feyza (2014) “On the Common Words in Mongolian and the Turkish Dialects in Turkey”, in The Journal of International Social Research (Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi)‎, volume 7, number 32, →ISSN, pages 185-198.
Nugteren, Hans (2011) Mongolic phonology and the Qinghai-Gansu languages (dissertation)‎, Utrecht: LOT
Tenišev E. R., editor (2001), “*arpa”, in Sravnitelʹno-istoričeskaja grammatika tjurkskix jazykov: Leksika [Comparative Historical Grammar of Turkic Languages: Lexis] (in Russian), volume IV, Moscow: Nauka, pages 460-461

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[1] Jokl, Norbert (1911) Studien zur albanesischen Etymologie und Wortbildung (Sitzungsberichte der Philosophisch-Historischen Klasse der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften; 168) (in German), Vienna: A. Hölder, page 90

[Dybo-2] Dybo, Anna (2014) “Early contacts of Turks and problems of Proto-Turkic reconstruction”, in Tatarica‎, volume 2, page 9

[3] Clauson, Gerard (1972) “?F arpa”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 198b

[4] Tatarincev, B. I. (2000–2008) “Proto-Turkic/arpa”, in Monguš D. A., editor, Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tuvinskovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Tuvan Language] (in Russian), Novosibirsk: Nauka

[5] Tokat, Feyza (2014) “On the Common Words in Mongolian and the Turkish Dialects in Turkey”, in The Journal of International Social Research (Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi)‎, volume 7, number 32, →ISSN, pages 185-198.

[6] Nugteren, Hans (2011) Mongolic phonology and the Qinghai-Gansu languages (dissertation)‎, Utrecht: LOT

[7] Tenišev E. R., editor (2001), “*arpa”, in Sravnitelʹno-istoričeskaja grammatika tjurkskix jazykov: Leksika [Comparative Historical Grammar of Turkic Languages: Lexis] (in Russian), volume IV, Moscow: Nauka, pages 460-461

Foods - yẹ̄miĺčler, yẹ̄miĺčsāyïn
Barley	barley: *arpa	Pea	beans, peas: *burčak	Wheat	farro, wheat: *bugday
Jujube	jujube: *yidge	Strawberry	strawberry: *yidgelek	Apple	apple: *almïla
Hazelnuts	hazelnut: *bōńurï	Walnuts	walnut: *yaŋgak	Honey	honey: *bạl
Millet	millet: *tạrïg	Onion	onion: *sōgun	Salt	salt: *tūŕ
Egg	egg: *yumurtka	Butter	butter: *yāg	Mushroom	mushroom: *kömbe
Radish	radish: turp, turma	Carrot	carrot: *turma