Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/alma

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

Several possibilities:

From Sanskrit अम्ल (amla, “sour”), but its plant name usage is for wood-sorrel.
From Sanskrit अमल (amala, “immaculate, white, shining; emblic, amla”), आमलक (āmalaka), आमलकी (āmalakī, “emblic”), widely passed into Iranian and via Arabic أَمْلَج (ʔamlaj) into European.
From Sanskrit आम्र (āmra, “mango”), also widely passed, but reflects instead with -mb-, exemplarily Arabic أَنْبَج (ʔanbaj).
Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ébōl, the same root whence also English apple, with the immediate source perhaps being Tocharian [1].
From *āl + Latin malum.[2]
From *a(ː)lima, from *almïla, as attested in Karakhanid, in turn possibly cognate with Ancient Greek μῆλον (mêlon, “apple”).

Noun

*alma

apple (Common Turkic)

Declension

Declension of *alma (Common Turkic)

	singular	plural²⁾
nominative	*alma	*almalar
accusative
genitive	*almanïŋ	*almalarnïŋ
dative	*almaka	*almalarka
locative	*almada	*almalarda
ablative	*almadan	*almalardan
instrumental¹⁾		*almalarïn
equative¹⁾	*almača	*almalarča

¹⁾The original instrumental and equative cases have fallen into disuse in many Common Turkic languages.
²⁾This plural suffix is used only on Common Turkic, and not in Oghur. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page on Wikibooks.

Descendants

→⇒ Sogdian: [script needed] (Almalukču /⁠’δmδwkc⁠/)
Common Turkic:
- Proto-Oghuz: *alma
  - West Oghuz:
    - Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (alma)
      Azerbaijani: alma
      
      Ottoman Turkish: الما, آلما (alma)
      Turkish: elma
      → Middle Armenian: Էլմա (Ēlma)
  - East Oghuz:
    - Turkmen: alma
- Karluk:
  - Karakhanid: اَلْما (alma)
    - Khorezmian Turkic: الما (alma)
      Chagatai: الما (alma)
      Uzbek: olma
      
      Uyghur: ئالما (alma)
- Kipchak:
  - Kipchak: الما (alma)
    - North Kipchak:
      Bashkir: алма (alma)
      
      Tatar: алма (alma)
      → Chuvash: улма (ulma) (likely)
      
      → Udmurt: улмо (ulmo)
      
      → Western Mari: олма (olma)
      
      → Eastern Mari: олма (olma)
    - West Kipchak:
      Crimean Tatar: alma
      
      Karachay-Balkar: алма (alma)
      
      Kumyk: алма (alma)
      
      Urum: алма
    - South Kipchak:
      Kazakh: алма (alma)
      
      Karakalpak: алма
      
      Nogai: алма (alma)
    - East Kipchak:
      Kyrgyz: алма (alma)
      
      Southern Altai: алама (alama)
- → Hungarian: alma
- →? Sudovian: ałm

References

Sevortjan, E. V. (1974) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume I, Moscow: Nauka, page 138
Cheung, J., & Aydemir, H. (2015). Turco-Afghanica. On East Iranian *amarnā and Turkic alma, alïmla, almïla‚ ‘apple‘. in Na pastbišče mysli blagoj, 73-94.
https://tdk.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/20140619.pdf

Róna-Tas, András, Berta, Árpád, Károly, László (2011) West Old Turkic: Turkic Loanwords in Hungarian (Turcologica; 84), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, page 62
https://www.nisanyansozluk.com/?k=elma

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[1] Róna-Tas, András, Berta, Árpád, Károly, László (2011) West Old Turkic: Turkic Loanwords in Hungarian (Turcologica; 84), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, page 62

[2] ttps://www.nisanyansozluk.com/?k=elma