壟斷

See also: 垄断

Chinese

	monopolize	to break; to judge; absolutely to break; to judge; absolutely; decidedly
trad. (壟斷)	壟	斷
simp. (垄断)	垄	断
alternative forms	龍斷／龙断隴斷／陇断垅断

Etymology

From the book Mencius:

人亦孰不欲富貴？而獨於富貴之中，有私龍斷焉。……有賤丈夫焉，必求龍斷而登之，以左右望而罔市利。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]

人亦孰不欲富贵？而独于富贵之中，有私龙断焉。……有贱丈夫焉，必求龙断而登之，以左右望而罔市利。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

From: Mencius, c. 4^th century BCE

Rén yì shú bù yù fùguì? Ér dú yú fùguì zhī zhōng, yǒu sī lǒngduàn yān....... Yǒu jiànzhàngfū yān, bì qiú lǒngduàn ér dēng zhī, yǐ zuǒyòu wàng ér wǎng shìlì. [Pinyin]

Who indeed is there of men but wishes for riches and honour? But he only, among the seekers of these, tried to monopolize the conspicuous mound. […] It happened that there was a mean fellow, who made it a point to look out for a conspicuous mound, and get up upon it. Thence he looked right and left, to catch in his net the whole gain of the market.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): lǒngduàn

(Zhuyin): ㄌㄨㄥˇ ㄉㄨㄢˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): lung⁵ dyun⁶
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): lóng-toǎn / lióng-tn̄g / lióng-toān / lóng-toān
Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): ⁶lon-doe

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: lǒngduàn
  - Zhuyin: ㄌㄨㄥˇ ㄉㄨㄢˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: lǒngduàn
  - Wade–Giles: lung³-tuan⁴
  - Yale: lǔng-dwàn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: loongduann
  - Palladius: лундуань (lunduanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ tu̯än⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: lung⁵ dyun⁶
  - Yale: lúhng dyuhn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: lung⁵ dyn⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: lung⁵ dün⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lʊŋ¹³ tyːn²²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lóng-toǎn
  - Tâi-lô: lóng-tuǎn
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /lɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tuan²²/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lióng-tn̄g
  - Tâi-lô: lióng-tn̄g
  - Phofsit Daibuun: liofngd'ng
  - IPA (Taipei): /liɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tŋ̍³³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /liɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tŋ̍³³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lióng-toān
  - Tâi-lô: lióng-tuān
  - Phofsit Daibuun: liofngdoan
  - IPA (Xiamen): /liɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tuan²²/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lóng-toān
  - Tâi-lô: lóng-tuān
  - Phofsit Daibuun: lofngdoan
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /lɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tuan²²/
Wu
- (Shanghai):
  - Wugniu: ⁶lon-doe
  - MiniDict: lon^去 doe
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³lon-doe
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /loŋ²² dø⁴⁴/

Verb

壟斷

(archaic) to trade in a market located on higher ground
(figuratively) to monopolize; to corner (the market)

Derived terms

價格壟斷／价格垄断 (jiàgé lǒngduàn)
壟斷市場／垄断市场
壟斷獨登／垄断独登
壟斷資本／垄断资本
寡頭壟斷／寡头垄断 (guǎtóu lǒngduàn)

Noun

壟斷

(archaic) higher ground
(figuratively) monopoly; monopolization

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (壟斷):

→ Japanese: 壟断(ろうだん) (rōdan)

References

“Entry #67456”, in 重編國語辭典修訂本 (in Chinese), National Academy for Educational Research (Taiwan), 2021.

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