jak
English
Related terms
Acehnese
Pronunciation
IPA(key): /ɟaʔ/
References
- Greenhill, S.J., Blust. R, & Gray, R.D. (2008). The Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database: From Bioinformatics to Lexomics. Evolutionary Bioinformatics, 4:271-283.
Albanian
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [jak]
Noun
Czech
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ˈjak]
audio (file) - Rhymes: -ak
Etymology 1
Inherited from Old Czech jak, from Proto-Slavic *jako (“how, in which way”).
Conjunction
jak
- as
- jak Petr tak Pavel ― both Peter and Paul
- jak se do lesa volá, tak se z lesa ozývá ― as you call into the forest, you hear from the forest; what goes around comes around
Etymology 2
Borrowed from Tibetan གཡག (g.yag),[1] from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-jak ~ g-jaŋ.
Declension
Derived terms
References
- "jak²" in Jiří Rejzek, Český etymologický slovník, electronic version, Leda, 2007
Dutch
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /jɑk/
- Hyphenation: jak
- Rhymes: -ɑk
Etymology 1
From Tibetan གཡག (g.yag), from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-jak ~ g-jaŋ.
Descendants
- Negerhollands: jakje (from the diminutive)
Garo
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /d͡ʒak/
Etymology 1
From Proto-Bodo-Garo *yak (“hand; arm”). Cognate with Narua lak (“hand”).
Derived terms
Etymology 2
From Proto-Bodo-Garo *yak (“leaf”).
Classifier
jak
- used with leaves
Hungarian
Etymology
From Tibetan གཡག (g.yag), from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-jak ~ g-jaŋ.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ˈjɒk]
- Rhymes: -ɒk
Declension
Inflection (stem in -o-, back harmony) | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
nominative | jak | jakok |
accusative | jakot | jakokat |
dative | jaknak | jakoknak |
instrumental | jakkal | jakokkal |
causal-final | jakért | jakokért |
translative | jakká | jakokká |
terminative | jakig | jakokig |
essive-formal | jakként | jakokként |
essive-modal | — | — |
inessive | jakban | jakokban |
superessive | jakon | jakokon |
adessive | jaknál | jakoknál |
illative | jakba | jakokba |
sublative | jakra | jakokra |
allative | jakhoz | jakokhoz |
elative | jakból | jakokból |
delative | jakról | jakokról |
ablative | jaktól | jakoktól |
non-attributive possessive - singular |
jaké | jakoké |
non-attributive possessive - plural |
jakéi | jakokéi |
Possessive forms of jak | ||
---|---|---|
possessor | single possession | multiple possessions |
1st person sing. | jakom | jakjaim |
2nd person sing. | jakod | jakjaid |
3rd person sing. | jakja | jakjai |
1st person plural | jakunk | jakjaink |
2nd person plural | jakotok | jakjaitok |
3rd person plural | jakjuk | jakjaik |
Kalo Finnish Romani
Derived terms
- jakkako botnos
- jakkako diiben
- jakkako duk
- jakkako jaaro
- jakkako makkiba
- jakkako čenstakiero
Kashubian
Etymology
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *jako (“how, in which way”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈjak/
- Syllabification: jak
Further reading
- Eùgeniusz Gòłąbk (2011) “jak”, in Słownik Polsko-Kaszubski / Słowôrz Pòlskò-Kaszëbsczi
- “jak”, in Internetowi Słowôrz Kaszëbsczégò Jãzëka [Internet Dictionary of the Kashubian Language], Fundacja Kaszuby, 2022
Lashi
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /d͡ʑak/
Middle English
Norwegian Bokmål
Etymology
From languages such as English yak, German Jak or French yak, all from Tibetan གཡག (g.yag, “yak”), from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-jak ~ g-jaŋ (“sheep, yak”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /jak/
Audio (file) - Rhymes: -ak
- Hyphenation: jak
- Homophone: jakk
Old Czech
Etymology
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *jako.
Descendants
- Czech: jak
References
- Jan Gebauer (1903–1916) “jak”, in Slovník staročeský (in Czech), Prague: Česká grafická společnost "unie", Česká akademie císaře Františka Josefa pro vědy, slovesnost a umění
Old Polish
Etymology
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *jako (“how, in which way”). First attested in the 15th century.
Adverb
jak
- adverbial interrogative; how (in what way)
- adverbial relational; as, like (in a similar way)
- The meaning of this term is uncertain.
- 1901 [1471], Materiały i Prace Komisji Językowej Akademii Umiejętności w Krakowie, volume V, page 7:
- A thak albo jak (war. lub.: tak a wsak) igitur (igitur perfecti sunt caeli et terra Gen 2, 1)
- [A tak albo jak (war. lub.: tak a wszak) igitur (igitur perfecti sunt caeli et terra Gen 2, 1)]
References
- B. Sieradzka-Baziur, editor (2011–2015), “jak”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN
Polish
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /jak/
- (Middle Polish) IPA(key): /ˈjak/
Audio 1 (file) Audio 2 (file) Audio 3 (file) Audio 4 (file) - Rhymes: -ak
- Syllabification: jak
Etymology 1
Inherited from Old Polish jak.
Pronoun
jak
- how
- Jak masz na imię? ― What's your name? (informal)
- Jak się masz? ― How are you? (informal)
- Jak to zrobiłeś? ― How did you do that?
Conjunction
jak
- as
- Jak widać, jeszcze nie skończyłam. ― As you can see, I haven't finished yet.
- Jego ojciec jest silny jak wół. ― His father is strong as an ox.
- like
- Wyglądasz jak obcokrajowiec. ― You look like a foreigner.
- (colloquial) when; replaces kiedy, gdy
- Jak byłem w lesie, to widziałem niedźwiedzia. ― When I was in the forest, I saw a bear.
- (colloquial) if; replaces jeśli, jeżeli
- Jak będziesz dalej tak robiła, to w końcu cię rzuci. ― If you keep doing that, he'll eventually dump you.
- (colloquial) than; replaces niż
- Typ nie miał więcej jak metr sześćdziesiąt. ― The guy was no taller than five feet three.
- as much as possible, used with a superlative
- Zrobię to jak najszybciej. ― I'll do it as soon as possible.
See also
Declension
Trivia
According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), jak is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 375 times in scientific texts, 247 times in news, 343 times in essays, 530 times in fiction, and 756 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 2251 times, making it the 18th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.[1]
References
- Ida Kurcz (1990) “jak”, in Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej [Frequency dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), volume 1, Kraków, Warszawa: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Języka Polskiego, page 159
Further reading
- jak I in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
- jak II in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
- jak in Polish dictionaries at PWN
- Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “jako, jak, jeko”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
- “JAK I”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 26.03.2020
- “JAK II”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 26.03.2020
- “JAK III”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 26.03.2020
- Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “jak”, in Słownik języka polskiego
- Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “jak”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
- J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1902), “jak”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 2, Warsaw, page 126
Serbo-Croatian
Etymology 1
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *jakъ.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /jâːk/
Declension
singular | masculine | feminine | neuter | |
---|---|---|---|---|
nominative | jak | jaka | jako | |
genitive | jaka | jake | jaka | |
dative | jaku | jakoj | jaku | |
accusative | inanimate animate |
jak jaka |
jaku | jako |
vocative | jak | jaka | jako | |
locative | jaku | jakoj | jaku | |
instrumental | jakim | jakom | jakim | |
plural | masculine | feminine | neuter | |
nominative | jaki | jake | jaka | |
genitive | jakih | jakih | jakih | |
dative | jakim(a) | jakim(a) | jakim(a) | |
accusative | jake | jake | jaka | |
vocative | jaki | jake | jaka | |
locative | jakim(a) | jakim(a) | jakim(a) | |
instrumental | jakim(a) | jakim(a) | jakim(a) |
singular | masculine | feminine | neuter | |
---|---|---|---|---|
nominative | jaki | jaka | jako | |
genitive | jakog(a) | jake | jakog(a) | |
dative | jakom(u/e) | jakoj | jakom(u/e) | |
accusative | inanimate animate |
jaki jakog(a) |
jaku | jako |
vocative | jaki | jaka | jako | |
locative | jakom(e/u) | jakoj | jakom(e/u) | |
instrumental | jakim | jakom | jakim | |
plural | masculine | feminine | neuter | |
nominative | jaki | jake | jaka | |
genitive | jakih | jakih | jakih | |
dative | jakim(a) | jakim(a) | jakim(a) | |
accusative | jake | jake | jaka | |
vocative | jaki | jake | jaka | |
locative | jakim(a) | jakim(a) | jakim(a) | |
instrumental | jakim(a) | jakim(a) | jakim(a) |
singular | masculine | feminine | neuter | |
---|---|---|---|---|
nominative | jači | jača | jače | |
genitive | jačeg(a) | jače | jačeg(a) | |
dative | jačem(u) | jačoj | jačem(u) | |
accusative | inanimate animate |
jači jačeg(a) |
jaču | jače |
vocative | jači | jača | jače | |
locative | jačem(u) | jačoj | jačem(u) | |
instrumental | jačim | jačom | jačim | |
plural | masculine | feminine | neuter | |
nominative | jači | jače | jača | |
genitive | jačih | jačih | jačih | |
dative | jačim(a) | jačim(a) | jačim(a) | |
accusative | jače | jače | jača | |
vocative | jači | jače | jača | |
locative | jačim(a) | jačim(a) | jačim(a) | |
instrumental | jačim(a) | jačim(a) | jačim(a) |
singular | masculine | feminine | neuter | |
---|---|---|---|---|
nominative | najjači | najjača | najjače | |
genitive | najjačeg(a) | najjače | najjačeg(a) | |
dative | najjačem(u) | najjačoj | najjačem(u) | |
accusative | inanimate animate |
najjači najjačeg(a) |
najjaču | najjače |
vocative | najjači | najjača | najjače | |
locative | najjačem(u) | najjačoj | najjačem(u) | |
instrumental | najjačim | najjačom | najjačim | |
plural | masculine | feminine | neuter | |
nominative | najjači | najjače | najjača | |
genitive | najjačih | najjačih | najjačih | |
dative | najjačim(a) | najjačim(a) | najjačim(a) | |
accusative | najjače | najjače | najjača | |
vocative | najjači | najjače | najjača | |
locative | najjačim(a) | najjačim(a) | najjačim(a) | |
instrumental | najjačim(a) | najjačim(a) | najjačim(a) |
Related terms
Further reading
- “jak” in Hrvatski jezični portal
Etymology 2
From Tibetan གཡག (g.yag), from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-jak ~ g-jaŋ.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /jâk/
Declension
Further reading
- “jak” in Hrvatski jezični portal
Silesian
Alternative forms
Etymology
Inherited from Old Polish jak.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈjak/
- Rhymes: -ak
- Syllabification: jak
Adverb
jak
Slovak
Etymology
Derived from Tibetan གཡག (g.yag), from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-jak ~ g-jaŋ (“sheep, yak”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [jak]
Noun
jak m anim (genitive singular jaka, nominative plural jaky, genitive plural jakov, declension pattern of dub)
Declension
Derived terms
Further reading
- “jak”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2024
Slovene
Etymology
From Tibetan གཡག (g.yag), from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-jak ~ g-jaŋ.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /jáːk/
Inflection
Masculine anim., hard o-stem | |||
---|---|---|---|
nom. sing. | ják | ||
gen. sing. | jáka | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative (imenovȃlnik) |
ják | jáka | jáki |
genitive (rodȋlnik) |
jáka | jákov | jákov |
dative (dajȃlnik) |
jáku | jákoma | jákom |
accusative (tožȋlnik) |
jáka | jáka | jáke |
locative (mẹ̑stnik) |
jáku | jákih | jákih |
instrumental (orọ̑dnik) |
jákom | jákoma | jáki |
Slovincian
Alternative forms
- jakô
Etymology
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *jako (“how, in which way”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈjak/
- Syllabification: jak
Further reading
- Lorentz, Friedrich (1908) “jãk”, in Slovinzisches Wörterbuch (in German), volume 1, Saint Petersburg: ОРЯС ИАН, page 379
Swedish
Etymology
From Tibetan གཡག (g.yag), from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-jak ~ g-jaŋ.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /jɑːk/
Declension
Declension of jak | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | |||
Indefinite | Definite | Indefinite | Definite | |
Nominative | jak | jaken | jakar | jakarna |
Genitive | jaks | jakens | jakars | jakarnas |
Synonyms
- grymtoxe
Related terms
- jakmjölk
References
Volapük
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ʃak]
Declension
Derived terms
- hijak
- jijak