cleven
Middle Dutch
Etymology
From Old Dutch clivon, from Proto-Germanic *klibāną, from Proto-Indo-European *gleybʰ- (“to stick”). Weak forms are probably influenced by Etymology 2.
Inflection
This verb needs an inflection-table template.
Descendants
- Dutch: kleven
- Limburgish: kleive
Further reading
- “cleven (II)”, in Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek, 2000
- Verwijs, E., Verdam, J. (1885–1929) “cleven (I)”, in Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, →ISBN, page I
Middle English
Etymology 1
From Old English clēofan, from Proto-West Germanic *kleuban, from Proto-Germanic *kleubaną.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈkleːvən/
Verb
cleven
Conjugation
Conjugation of cleven (strong class 2/4 or weak in -te/-ed)
infinitive | (to) cleven, cleve | ||
---|---|---|---|
present tense | past tense | ||
1st-person singular | cleve | clef, claf, clefte, cleved | |
2nd-person singular | clevest | clove, clef, claf, cleftest, clevedest | |
3rd-person singular | cleveth | clef, claf, clefte, cleved | |
subjunctive singular | cleve | clove1, clefte1, cleved1 | |
imperative singular | — | ||
plural2 | cleven, cleve | cloven, clove, cleften, clefte, cleveden, clevede | |
imperative plural | cleveth, cleve | — | |
participles | clevynge, clevende | cloven, clove, cleft, cleved, ycloven, yclove |
1Replaced by the indicative in later Middle English.
2Sometimes used as a formal 2nd-person singular.
References
- “clẹ̄ven, v.(2).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2018-06-8.
Etymology 2
Originally two distinct verbs:
- Old English cleofian, clifian, from Proto-West Germanic *klibēn, from Proto-Germanic *klibāną.
- Old English clīfan, from Proto-West Germanic *klīban, from Proto-Germanic *klībaną.
Alternative forms
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈklɛːvən/, /ˈklæːvən/, /ˈkleːvən/, /ˈklɛvən/, /ˈklivən/
Verb
cleven
- To stick or adhere (often with on or to):
- To have cohesion or unity; to adhere together.
- To cling (hold onto something)
- 1395, Wycliffe Bible, Ruth 1:14:
- Therfor, whanne the vois was reisid, eft thei bigunnen to wepe. Orpha kisside the modir of hir hosebonde, and turnede ayen, and Ruth cleuyde to the modir of hir hosebonde.
Afterwards, when the voice was raised, they began to weep again. Orpah kissed the mother of her husband, and turned around, and Ruth cleaved to the mother of her husband.- (please add an English translation of this quotation)
- To be adhesive or sticky; to cause to adhere.
- To be an inherent or inseparable part; to be intrinsic.
- To withstand or stay put; to weather time.
- To believe in a creed or belief.
- To trust or follow someone.
- (rare) To stay balanced or coherent.
- (rare) To convince; to spread one's beliefs.
- (rare) To acquire (belongings)
Usage notes
Strong forms of this verb are mostly limited to Northern Middle English.
Conjugation
Conjugation of cleven (weak in -ed or strong class 1)
infinitive | (to) cleven, cleve | ||
---|---|---|---|
present tense | past tense | ||
1st-person singular | cleve | cleved, clof | |
2nd-person singular | clevest | clevedest, clove, clive, clof | |
3rd-person singular | cleveth | cleved, clof | |
subjunctive singular | cleve | cleved1, clove1, clive1 | |
imperative singular | — | ||
plural2 | cleven, cleve | cleveden, clevede, cloven, clove, cliven, clive | |
imperative plural | cleveth, cleve | — | |
participles | clevynge, clevende | cleved, cliven, clive, ycleved, ycliven |
1Replaced by the indicative in later Middle English.
2Sometimes used as a formal 2nd-person singular.
Related terms
References
- “clēven, v.(1).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2018-06-8.
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