< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic

Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/xala

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology 1

Per Snoj and Trubačev, from Proto-Indo-European *ksōleh₂, *ksōlyeh₂, perhaps an action/resultant noun of *xalati (“to wear out, to rag”) +‎ *-a or substantivized from the l-participle of Proto-Slavic *xati (“to stagger, to reel; to be concerned”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kes- (“to mow”). Trubačev further identifies this term with Etymology 2.

Noun

*xàla f[1]

  1. something torn, shattered, worn-out
  2. (via specialization) cheap cloth, rag
Alternative forms
  • *xalь (i-stem), *xaľa (jā-stem, in South Slavic)
Declension
Declension of *xala (hard a-stem, accent paradigm a)
singular dual plural
nominative *xala *xàlě *xàly
genitive *xàly *xàlu *xàlъ
dative *xàlě *xàlama *xàlamъ
accusative *xàlǫ *xàlě *xàly
instrumental *xàlojǫ, *xàlǭ** *xàlama *xàlamī
locative *xàlě *xàlu *xàlasъ, *xàlaxъ*
vocative *xàlo *xàlě *xàly
* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
Derived terms
  • *xalina, *xalica, *xalъka
  • >? *xalǫga, *xaliga (“scrub, hedge, bundle”)
  • >? *xalupa (“cottage”)
Descendants
  • East Slavic
    • Belarusian: халь f (xalʹ, “rag”)
    • Russian: хальё (xalʹjó, “old dress”) (dialectal)
      • ⇒ Russian: хал (xal), ха́ловщина (xálovščina, “junk, worthless stuff”)
  • South Slavic:
  • West Slavic:
    • Polish: chała (dialectal)
      • ⇒ Polish: chalka, halka (“overgarment”)
    • Pomeranian:
      • Kashubian: chałë pl (“rags”)

Further reading
  • Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “хал”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
  • Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1981), “*xala/*xalъ”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 8 (*xa – *jьvьlga), Moscow: Nauka, page 12

References
  1. Snoj, Marko (2016) “halja”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar [Slovenian Etymology Dictionary] (in Slovene), 3rd edition, https://fran.si: “Pslovan. *xa̋la, *xa̋l'a”

Etymology 2

Unclear. Several proposed etymologies exist:

  • Based on sense “hail, blizzard, tempest”:
  • Based on sense “typhon, calamity”:
    • Native or borrowed expressive origin: Per M. Bjeletić[2], from *xaliti, *xalěti (“to bash, to strike”) +‎ *-a or from Ancient Greek χαλάω (khaláō, “to wreck havoc, to slacken”) (whence Bulgarian хало́сам (halósam, “to smack”)).
    • Onomatopoeic origin: Per Iljinsky, possibly akin to semi-onomatopoeic *šalъ (“intemperate, naughty”), *šaliti (“to play pranks, to infuriate”). Favoured by Trubačev and Meljničuk (ESSJa).
    • Substantivized origin: Perhaps from a substantivization of *xalavъ (“insatiable, gluttonous”), *xalъkъ (“insolent”), related to the above hypothesis.
  • Based on sense “dragon” in Serbian and Macedonian:
    • Recent borrowing from Ottoman Turkish: According to early Serbo-Croatian philologists,[3] South Slavic term has developed from Ottoman Turkish آلا (ala, “spotted, variegated”), euphemistic for ییلان (yılan, “snake”)[4]. Correspondances in other branches are presumably coincidental. Disputed on phonetical basis by Trubačev, Brückner, and some Serbo-Croatian linguists[5].

Skok does not exclude contamination of various sources.

Noun

*xala f[2]

  1. (Slavic mythology) tempest, blizzard, hail-bringer depicted as a serpentine or ichthyoid monster, as a stormy nebula, or personified as a witch
    Synonyms: *xmara, *vila
Declension
Declension of *xala (hard a-stem)
singular dual plural
nominative *xala *xalě *xaly
genitive *xaly *xalu *xalъ
dative *xalě *xalama *xalamъ
accusative *xalǫ *xalě *xaly
instrumental *xalojǫ, *xalǫ** *xalama *xalami
locative *xalě *xalu *xalasъ, *xalaxъ*
vocative *xalo *xalě *xaly
* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
Derived terms
  • *xalętina, *xališče, *xalina (augmentative)
Descendants
  • East Slavic:
    • ⇒ Russian: халаве́й (xalavéj, “gale, high wind; fig. empty-headed person”) (dialectal) (< *xala +‎ *vějь)
  • South Slavic:
  • West Slavic:
    • >? Czech: chala, ochala (“tall man, giant”) (dialectal)
    • >? Slovincian: χała (“large creature”)
  • Non-Slavic:
    • → Romanian: hală (“mythical being, monster”) (regional)

References
  1. Георгиева, Иваничка (1993) Българска народна митология (in Bulgarian), Sofia: Наука и изкуство, page 119
  2. Bjeletić, Marta (2004) “Јужнословенска лексика у балканском контексту. Лексичка породица именице хала”, in Balcanica‎ (in Serbo-Croatian), volume 34, →ISSN, pages 143–146
  3. Knežević, Anton (1961) “Die Turzismen in der Sprache der Kroaten und Serben”, in Slavisch-Baltisches Seminar der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster (Westf.), volume 3
  4. Knüppel, Michael (2009) “Zu serbo-kroatisch hȁla ∼ ȁla ‘Drache’”, in Wiener Slavistisches Jahrbuch‎ (in German), volume 55, pages 179–183
  5. Radenković, Ljubinko (1996) “Митска бића српског народа: (Х)АЛА”, in Liceum 2, pages 11-16

Further reading
  • Skok, Petar (1971) “(h)ala”, in Etimologijski rječnik hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika [Etymological Dictionary of the Croatian or Serbian Language] (in Serbo-Croatian), volumes 1 (A – J), Zagreb: JAZU, page 650
This article is issued from Wiktionary. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.