< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/xmara
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This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Alternative forms
- *xmura (probably)
Etymology
Uncertain:
- Per Vasmer, Trubachev (ESSJa): From contamination of original *xmura and *para (“vapor”) or *mara (“dusk, illusion, mirage”). The former is sometimes compared with Ancient Greek ἀμαυρός (amaurós, “dark, dull”).
- Per Gudkov (EIRJa): From dissimilation of an earlier *tьmora/*tьmara → *kmara → *xmara, cognate with Proto-Slavic *tьma (“darkness”).
- If the original meaning of the word was more concerned with the shape rather than with the hue of the cloud (as in English cloud < Old English clūd (“boulder, rocky mass”)), then possibly from an ō-grade of Proto-Indo-European *kh₂mer- (“to curve, to distort”). Compare Ancient Greek κᾰμᾰ́ρᾱ (kamárā, “vault, heap, mass”).
Noun
*xmàra f[1]
Inflection
Declension of *xmara (hard a-stem, accent paradigm a)
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *xmara | *xmàrě | *xmàry |
| genitive | *xmàry | *xmàru | *xmàrъ |
| dative | *xmàrě | *xmàrama | *xmàramъ |
| accusative | *xmàrǫ | *xmàrě | *xmàry |
| instrumental | *xmàrojǫ, *xmàrǭ** | *xmàrama | *xmàramī |
| locative | *xmàrě | *xmàru | *xmàrasъ, *xmàraxъ* |
| vocative | *xmàro | *xmàrě | *xmàry |
* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
Related terms
- *xmurъ (“dusky, dim”)
- *xmariti, *xmuriti (“to dim”)
- *xmarьnъ, *хmurьnъ (“murky, cloudy, gloomy”)
- *komъ (“lump, clod”) (possibly)
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- South Slavic:
- Serbo-Croatian:
- Cyrillic script: тмо̀ра (possibly)
- Latin script: tmòra (possibly)
- Serbo-Croatian:
- West Slavic:
Further reading
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “хмара”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1981), “*xmara”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 8 (*xa – *jьvьlga), Moscow: Nauka, page 42
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