< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/steh₂-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

If not a primary root, possibly from *sed- (“to sit”) +‎ *-eh₂- (stative suffix). Compare perhaps suiḋe, "sit", and also perhaps seasaṁ, "stand", with reduplicated PIE *steh₂, in Irish. (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)

Alternative forms

Root

*steh₂- (perfective)

  1. to stand (up)

Derived terms
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *steh₂-‎ (99 c, 0 e)
  • *stéh₂-t ~ *sth₂-ént (athematic root aorist)[1]
  • *stí-steh₂-ti ~ *stí-sth₂-n̥ti (athematic reduplicated present)[1][2][3][4][5][6]
  • *st-né-h₂-ti ~ *st-n̥-h₂-énti (nasal-infix present)[1][7]
  • *stéh₂-ye-ti (ye-present)[1][8][9][10]
  • *ste-stóh₂-e ~ *ste-sth₂-ḗr (stative)
  • *steyh₂-
  • *st-n̥é-h₂-[11]
    • Proto-Albanian: *stānja
  • *sth₂-éh₁-ti (eh₁-stative)
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stajḗˀtei
      • Proto-Slavic: *stojati ⇐ earlier *stojěti (see there for further descendants)
  • *sth₂-éh₁-ye-ti (thematic eh₁-stative)[12]
    • Proto-Italic: *staēō (see there for further descendants)
  • *stoh₂-éye-ti (causative)[1][13]
  • *steh₂-tleh₂[14]
    • Proto-Celtic: *stātlā
  • *sth₂-dʰló-
    • Proto-Italic: *staðlom
      • Latin: stabulum (see there for further descendants)
      • Oscan: 𐌔𐌕𐌀𐌚𐌋𐌀𐌕𐌀𐌔𐌔𐌄𐌕 (staflatasset), σταβαλανο
      • Umbrian: staflarem, staflare, 𐌔𐌕𐌀𐌚𐌋𐌉 (stafli)
    • Proto-Germanic: *stallaz
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stadla
      • Proto-Slavic: *stadlo
  • *steh₂-gʰo-s[15]
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stāˀgas
      • Lithuanian: stógas
      • Proto-Slavic: *stogъ (see there for further descendants)
  • *steh₂-l-o-
    • Proto-Hellenic: *stā́lā f
      • >? Ancient Greek: στήλη (stḗlē) (or from *steh₂-sleh₂, or from *stel-) (see there for further descendants)
  • *sth₂-e-lo-m or *sth₂-o-lo-m[16][17]
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stála (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Germanic: *stōlaz m (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stHálam
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *stHálam
        • Sanskrit: स्थलम् (sthalam, “firm ground, foundation”)
  • *stéh₂-mn̥ ~ *sth₂-mén-s
  • *steh₂-mo-s[12]
    • Proto-Italic: *stāmos
      • Umbrian: stahmei, stahmito, stahmitei, stahmietei
  • *stéh₂-mō ~ sth₂-m̥nés[18]
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stāˀmō
      • Lithuanian: stuomuõ
      • Latvian: stāmen
  • *stóh₂-mo-s[19]
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stōˀmas
      • Lithuanian: stúomas
      • Proto-Slavic: *stamъ (see there for further descendants)
    • ⇒? Proto-Hellenic: *stṓmiks
  • *stéh₂-no-m[20][21]
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stāˀnas m (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stáHnam (see there for further descendants)
  • *sth₂-nó-s[22][23]
    • Proto-Albanian: *stana (see there for further descendants)
  • *sth₂-ró-s[24][25]
    • Proto-Albanian: *stara
      • Albanian: stër- (“large”)
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stāˀras
      • Lithuanian: stóras
      • Proto-Slavic: *stàrъ (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Germanic: *stōraz (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stHrás
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *stHrás
        • Sanskrit: स्थिर (sthirá, “fixed, firm, strong”) (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Iranian: *stHráh
  • *stéh₂-ti-s ~ *sth₂-téy-s
  • *sth₂-tós[6][26]
  • *stéh₂-tu-s ~ *sth₂-téw-s[12]
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stā́ˀtus
    • Proto-Italic: *status
      • Latin: status (see there for further descendants)
      • Marsian: state
      • Oscan: 𐌔𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌝𐌚 (statíf)
      • Umbrian: 𐌔𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌉𐌕𐌀 (statita), 𐌔𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌉𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌖 (statitatu)
  • *stéh₂-wr̥[27]
    • Proto-Hellenic: *stā́wər
      • Ancient Greek: στέᾱρ (stéār), στεῖᾰρ (steîar), στῆρ (stêr)
  • *sth₂-wéh₂
    • ⇒ *sth₂-uh₂-néh₂
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stʰuHnáH (see there for further descendants)
  • Unsorted formations:
Suffixed form *steh₂dʰ(h₁)-
  • >? *sth₂dʰ-mó-s
    • >? Proto-Hellenic: *statʰmós (or simply *stā- +‎ *-tʰmós)
      • Ancient Greek: σταθμός (stathmós) (see there for further descendants)
  • *stéh₂dʰh₁-om (“herd”)[29]
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stā́ˀda
      • Proto-Slavic: *stàdo (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Germanic: *stōdą (see there for further descendants)
  • *sth₂-né-dʰh₁-ti ~ *sth₂-n̥-dʰh₁-énti (extended nasal-infix present)
    • Proto-Germanic: *standaną (see there for further descendants)
  • Unsorted formations:
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • Latvian: stāds (“plant, seedling”)
Extended form *steh₂w-[30][31]
  • *stéh₂w-eh₂-ti
  • *steh₂w-éye-ti (causative)[32][33]
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stā́ˀwīˀtei
      • Proto-Slavic: *stàviti (“to place, to put”) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Germanic: *stōjaną (“to stow”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *steh₂u-rós, *st-u-h₂-rós (with laryngeal metathesis)
    • Proto-Armenian:
    • Proto-Germanic: *stauraz (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Hellenic: *staurós
      • Ancient Greek: σταυρός (staurós) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stʰuHrás (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Italic: *stauros
  • *stoh₂w-ih₂ (collective)[35]
    • Proto-Hellenic: *stōyyā́ (apparently with differing outcomes of Osthoff's law)
      • Ancient Greek: στοᾱ́ (stoā́), στοιᾱ́ (stoiā́), στωῐ̈ᾱ́ (stōïā́), στοιή (stoiḗ), στῳᾱ́ (stōiā́) (see there for further descendants)
  • *stoh₂w-éh₂
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *stāˀwāˀ
      • Lithuanian: stovà (“place”)
      • Proto-Slavic: *stava (“structural part, joint”)
    • Proto-Germanic: *stōō
  • Unsorted formations:
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *staHwarás
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
      • Proto-Iranian:
        • Persian: ستاوند (sotâvand)

Descendants

References
  1. Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 590-592
  2. Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004) Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, first edition, Oxford: Blackwell
  3. Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
  4. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἵστημι”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 601
  5. Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 338
  6. De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “sistō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 567
  7. Demiraj, B. (1997) “shtãj”, in Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: […]] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)‎ (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 378
  8. Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 373–74
  9. Derksen, Rick (2008) “*stàti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 465
  10. Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 430
  11. Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “shtoj”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 440: “IE”
  12. De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “stō, stāre”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 589-590
  13. Derksen, Rick (2008) “*stojati”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 468
  14. Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 354–55
  15. Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 429
  16. Derksen, Rick (2008) “*stòlъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 465
  17. Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 426
  18. Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 433
  19. Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 433
  20. Derksen, Rick (2008) “*stânъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 465
  21. Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 429
  22. Demiraj, B. (1997) “shtãnzë”, in Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: […]] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)‎ (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 371
  23. Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “shtazë, shtëzë ~ shtâzë”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN
  24. Derksen, Rick (2008) “*stàrъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 465
  25. Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 430
  26. Demiraj, B. (1997) “shtat”, in Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: […]] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)‎ (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 260
  27. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “στέαρ, στέατος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1392–1393
  28. Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “stäm-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 184-186
  29. Derksen, Rick (2008) “*stàdo”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, pages 464-465
  30. De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “īnstaurō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 305
  31. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “σταυρός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1391
  32. Derksen, Rick (2008) “*stàviti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 466
  33. Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 430
  34. Olsen, Birgit Anette (1999) The noun in Biblical Armenian: origin and word-formation: with special emphasis on the Indo-European heritage (Trends in linguistics. Studies and monographs; 119), Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, page 199
  35. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “στοᾱ́”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1407
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