< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ḱe

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Particle

*ḱi- ~ *ḱe- ~ *ḱo- or *-ḱe

  1. Deictic particle, here
  2. Post-positional demonstrative particle, this

Usage notes

The particle in Proto-Indo-European was indeclinable. Some daughter languages, particularly Balto-Slavic, Germanic and Armenian added pronominal inflection later, as also occurred with particles *de, *h₂ew, and *gʰe.

Although it does not have an exact equivalent in English, French là and Arabic ها (-hā) are used in the same way.

Descendants
  • Proto-Italic: *-ke, *ke-

Derived terms
  • *ḱinh₂?
    • Proto-Celtic: *kina
      • Proto-Brythonic: *ken
        • Breton: ken (“as, so”)
      • Old Irish: cen (“without”)
  • *ḱíteros (contrastive form)
  • *ḱís (innovative i-stem pronoun)
  • *ḱós (innovative o-stem pronoun)
    • Proto-Anatolian: *ḱā́s[1]
      • Hittite: 𒅗𒀀𒀸 (ka-a-aš /⁠kās⁠/)
      • Luwian: 𒍝𒀀𒀸 (za-a-aš)
      • Palaic: [script needed] (kāt)
    • Old Armenian: *սո- (*so-)
    • Proto-Celtic: *koi (from the locative singular)
    • ⇒? *ḱom (“with”)
Compounds
  • *ǵʰé-ḱe, ǵʰó-ḱe[2]
    • Proto-Italic: *he(i)ke, *hoke ?
  • *ḱi-h₂éh₃mr-om
    • Proto-Hellenic: *ťāmeron
      • Ancient Greek: σήμερον (sḗmeron) (see there for further descendants)
  • *h₁é-ḱey-h₁(e)nos (formed with the augment *h₁é and pronoun *h₁enos)
    • Proto-Hellenic: *ékeyenos
  • *ḱyés-dʰh₁- (with *dʰeh₁- (“to put”)[3]) (the Latin is alternatively < *ḱye-sd-, with *sed- (“to sit”))
    • >? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sáydʰati
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sáydʰati
      • Proto-Iranian: *sáydʰati
        • Avestan: 𐬯𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬰𐬛𐬀𐬝 (siiazdat̰, “will chase away”)
    • >? Proto-Italic: *kezdō
      • Latin: cēdō (see there for further descendants)

References
  1. Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “kā- / kū- / ki-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 425–427: “PIE *ḱo-, *ḱi-”
  2. De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “hic, haec, hoc”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 284
  3. De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “cēdō, -ere”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 103–104
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